python引用传递产生的问题,Python的引用传递

Hello I am trying to understand how Python's pass by reference works.

I have an example:

>>>a = 1

>>>b = 1

>>>id(a);id(b)

140522779858088

140522779858088

This makes perfect sense since a and b are both referencing the same value that they would have the identity. What I dont quite understand is how this example:

>>>a = 4.4

>>>b = 1.0+3.4

>>>id(a);id(b)

140522778796184

140522778796136

Is different from this example:

>>>a = 2

>>>b = 2 + 0

>>>id(a);id(b)

140522779858064

140522779858064

Is it because in the 3rd example the 0 int object is being viewed as "None" by the interpreter and is not being recognized as needing a different identity from the object which variable "a" is referencing(2)? Whereas in the 2nd example "b" is adding two different int objects and the interpreter is allocating memory for both of those objects to be added, which gives variable "a", a different identity from variable "b"?

解决方案

In your first example, the names a and b are both "referencing" the same object because of interning. The assignment statement resulted in an integer with the same id only because it has reused a preexisting object that happened to be hanging around in memory already. That's not a reliable behavior of integers:

>>> a = 257

>>> b = 257

>>> id(a), id(b)

(30610608, 30610728)

As demonstrated above, if you pick a big enough integer then it will behave as the floats in your second example behaved. And interning small integers is optional in the Python language anyway, this happens to be a CPython implementation detail: it's a performance optimization intended to avoid the overhead of creating a new object. We can speed things up by caching commonly used integer instances, at the cost of a higher memory footprint of the Python interpreter.

Don't think about "reference" and "value" when dealing with Python, the model that works for C doesn't really work well here. Instead think of "names" and "objects".

The diagram above illustrates your third example. 2 is an object, a and b are names. We can have different names pointing at the same object. And objects can exist without any name.

Assigning a variable only attaches a nametag. And deleting a variable only removes a nametag. If you keep this idea in mind, then the Python object model will never surprise you again.