mysql下载java,Java+MySQL实现网络爬虫程序

本文介绍了一款使用Java编写的网络爬虫程序,该程序能够扫描指定网站,统计页面标签,并将信息存储到MySQL数据库中。程序采用广度优先搜索策略,从一个起始页面开始,抓取所有链接并更新数据库状态。同时,程序还具备从HTML中解析链接,过滤特定路径的功能,以及从链接中提取标签并存储。文章提供了详细的代码实现和数据库结构,适合初学者了解爬虫与数据库结合的应用。
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网络爬虫,也叫网络蜘蛛,有的项目也把它称作“walker”。维基百科所给的定义是“一种系统地扫描互联网,以获取索引为目的的网络程序”。网络上有很多关于网络爬虫的开源项目,其中比较有名的是Heritrix和Apache Nutch。

有时需要在网上搜集信息,如果需要搜集的是获取方法单一而人工搜集费时费力的信息,比如统计一个网站每个月发了多少篇文章、用了哪些标签,为自然语言处理项目搜集语料,或者为模式识别项目搜集图片等等,就需要爬虫程序来完成这样的任务。而且搜索引擎必不可少的组件之一也是网络爬虫。

很多网络爬虫都是用Python,Java或C#实现的。我这里给出的是Java版本的爬虫程序。为了节省时间和空间,我把程序限制在只扫描本博客地址下的网页(也就是http://johnhan.net/但不包括http://johnhany.net/wp-content/下的内容),并从网址中统计出所用的所有标签。只要稍作修改,去掉代码里的限制条件就能作为扫描整个网络的程序使用。或者对输出格式稍作修改,可以作为生成博客sitemap的工具。

环境需求

我的开发环境是Windows7 + Eclipse。

需要XAMPP提供通过url访问MySQL数据库的端口。

还要用到三个开源的Java类库:

Apache HttpComponents 4.3 提供HTTP接口,用来向目标网址提交HTTP请求,以获取网页的内容;

HTML Parser 2.0 用来解析网页,从DOM节点中提取网址链接;

MySQL Connector/J 5.1.27 连接Java程序和MySQL,然后就可以用Java代码操作数据库。

代码

代码位于三个文件中,分别是:crawler.java,httpGet.java和parsePage.java。包名为net.johnhany.wpcrawler。

crawler.java

package net.johnhany.wpcrawler;

import java.sql.Connection;

import java.sql.DriverManager;

import java.sql.ResultSet;

import java.sql.SQLException;

import java.sql.Statement;

public class crawler {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {

String frontpage = "http://johnhany.net/";

Connection conn = null;

//connect the MySQL database

try {

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

String dburl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8";

conn = DriverManager.getConnection(dburl, "root", "");

System.out.println("connection built");

} catch (SQLException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

String sql = null;

String url = frontpage;

Statement stmt = null;

ResultSet rs = null;

int count = 0;

if(conn != null) {

//create database and table that will be needed

try {

sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS crawler";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

sql = "USE crawler";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

sql = "create table if not exists record (recordID int(5) not null auto_increment, URL text not null, crawled tinyint(1) not null, primary key (recordID)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

sql = "create table if not exists tags (tagnum int(4) not null auto_increment, tagname text not null, primary key (tagnum)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

} catch (SQLException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

//crawl every link in the database

while(true) {

//get page content of link "url"

httpGet.getByString(url,conn);

count++;

//set boolean value "crawled" to true after crawling this page

sql = "UPDATE record SET crawled = 1 WHERE URL = '" + url + "'";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

if(stmt.executeUpdate(sql) > 0) {

//get the next page that has not been crawled yet

sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE crawled = 0";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

if(rs.next()) {

url = rs.getString(2);

}else {

//stop crawling if reach the bottom of the list

break;

}

//set a limit of crawling count

if(count > 1000 || url == null) {

break;

}

}

}

conn.close();

conn = null;

System.out.println("Done.");

System.out.println(count);

}

}

}

httpGet.java

package net.johnhany.wpcrawler;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.sql.Connection;

import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;

import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

import org.apache.http.client.ResponseHandler;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

public class httpGet {

public final static void getByString(String url, Connection conn) throws Exception {

CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();

try {

HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);

System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());

ResponseHandler responseHandler = new ResponseHandler() {

public String handleResponse(

final HttpResponse response) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

int status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();

if (status >= 200 && status < 300) {

HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();

return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null;

} else {

throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status);

}

}

};

String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpget, responseHandler);

/*

//print the content of the page

System.out.println("----------------------------------------");

System.out.println(responseBody);

System.out.println("----------------------------------------");

*/

parsePage.parseFromString(responseBody,conn);

} finally {

httpclient.close();

}

}

}

parsePage.java

package net.johnhany.wpcrawler;

import java.sql.Connection;

import java.sql.PreparedStatement;

import java.sql.ResultSet;

import java.sql.SQLException;

import java.sql.Statement;

import org.htmlparser.Node;

import org.htmlparser.Parser;

import org.htmlparser.filters.HasAttributeFilter;

import org.htmlparser.tags.LinkTag;

import org.htmlparser.util.NodeList;

import org.htmlparser.util.ParserException;

import java.net.URLDecoder;

public class parsePage {

public static void parseFromString(String content, Connection conn) throws Exception {

Parser parser = new Parser(content);

HasAttributeFilter filter = new HasAttributeFilter("href");

try {

NodeList list = parser.parse(filter);

int count = list.size();

//process every link on this page

for(int i=0; i

Node node = list.elementAt(i);

if(node instanceof LinkTag) {

LinkTag link = (LinkTag) node;

String nextlink = link.extractLink();

String mainurl = "http://johnhany.net/";

String wpurl = mainurl + "wp-content/";

//only save page from "http://johnhany.net"

if(nextlink.startsWith(mainurl)) {

String sql = null;

ResultSet rs = null;

PreparedStatement pstmt = null;

Statement stmt = null;

String tag = null;

//do not save any page from "wp-content"

if(nextlink.startsWith(wpurl)) {

continue;

}

try {

//check if the link already exists in the database

sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE URL = '" + nextlink + "'";

stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

if(rs.next()) {

}else {

//if the link does not exist in the database, insert it

sql = "INSERT INTO record (URL, crawled) VALUES ('" + nextlink + "',0)";

pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);

pstmt.execute();

System.out.println(nextlink);

//use substring for better comparison performance

nextlink = nextlink.substring(mainurl.length());

//System.out.println(nextlink);

if(nextlink.startsWith("tag/")) {

tag = nextlink.substring(4, nextlink.length()-1);

//decode in UTF-8 for Chinese characters

tag = URLDecoder.decode(tag,"UTF-8");

sql = "INSERT INTO tags (tagname) VALUES ('" + tag + "')";

pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);

//if the links are different from each other, the tags must be different

//so there is no need to check if the tag already exists

pstmt.execute();

}

}

} catch (SQLException e) {

//handle the exceptions

System.out.println("SQLException: " + e.getMessage());

System.out.println("SQLState: " + e.getSQLState());

System.out.println("VendorError: " + e.getErrorCode());

} finally {

//close and release the resources of PreparedStatement, ResultSet and Statement

if(pstmt != null) {

try {

pstmt.close();

} catch (SQLException e2) {}

}

pstmt = null;

if(rs != null) {

try {

rs.close();

} catch (SQLException e1) {}

}

rs = null;

if(stmt != null) {

try {

stmt.close();

} catch (SQLException e3) {}

}

stmt = null;

}

}

}

}

} catch (ParserException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

程序原理

所谓“互联网”,是网状结构,任意两个节点间都有可能存在路径。爬虫程序对互联网的扫描,在图论角度来讲,就是对有向图的遍历(链接是从一个网页指向另一个网页,所以是有向的)。常见的遍历方法有深度优先和广度优先两种。相关理论知识可以参考树的遍历:这里和这里。我的程序采用的是广度优先方式。

程序从crawler.java的main()开始运行。

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

String dburl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8";

conn = DriverManager.getConnection(dburl, "root", "");

System.out.println("connection built");

首先,调用DriverManager连接MySQL服务。这里使用的是XAMPP的默认MySQL端口3306,端口值可以在XAMPP主界面看到:

0d8bc6023b1c2b9b86a6cf7b19907510.png

Apache和MySQL都启动之后,在浏览器地址栏输入“http://localhost/phpmyadmin/”就可以看到数据库了。等程序运行完之后可以在这里检查一下运行是否正确。

f1f7b125043154c57afaa7c764dd344a.png

sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS crawler";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

sql = "USE crawler";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

sql = "create table if not exists record (recordID int(5) not null auto_increment, URL text not null, crawled tinyint(1) not null, primary key (recordID)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

sql = "create table if not exists tags (tagnum int(4) not null auto_increment, tagname text not null, primary key (tagnum)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

连接好数据库后,建立一个名为“crawler”的数据库,在库里建两个表,一个叫“record”,包含字段“recordID”,“URL”和“crawled”,分别记录地址编号、链接地址和地址是否被扫描过;另一个叫“tags”,包含字段“tagnum”和“tagname”,分别记录标签编号和标签名。

while(true) {

httpGet.getByString(url,conn);

count++;

sql = "UPDATE record SET crawled = 1 WHERE URL = '" + url + "'";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

if(stmt.executeUpdate(sql) > 0) {

sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE crawled = 0";

stmt = conn.createStatement();

rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

if(rs.next()) {

url = rs.getString(2);

}else {

break;

}

}

}

接着在一个while循环内依次处理表record内的每个地址。每次处理时,把地址url传递给httpGet.getByString(),然后在表record中把crawled改为true,表明这个地址已经处理过。然后寻找下一个crawled为false的地址,继续处理,直到处理到表尾。

这里需要注意的细节是,执行executeQuery()后,得到了一个ResultSet结构rs,rs包含SQL查询返回的所有行和一个指针,指针指向结果中第一行之前的位置,需要执行一次rs.next()才能让rs的指针指向第一个结果,同时返回true,之后每次执行rs.next()都会把指针移到下一个结果上并返回true,直至再也没有结果时,rs.next()的返回值变成了false。

还有一个细节,在执行建库建表、INSERT、UPDATE时,需要用executeUpdate();在执行SELECT时,需要使用executeQuery()。executeQuery()总是返回一个ResultSet,executeUpdate()返回符合查询的行数。

httpGet.java的getByString()类负责向所给的网址发送请求,然后下载网页内容。

HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);

System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());

ResponseHandler responseHandler = new ResponseHandler() {

public String handleResponse(

final HttpResponse response) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

int status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();

if (status >= 200 && status < 300) {

HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();

return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null;

} else {

throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status);

}

}

};

String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpget, responseHandler);

这段代码是HTTPComponents的HTTP Client组件中给出的样例,在很多情况下可以直接使用。这部分代码获得了一个字符串responseBody,里面保存着网页中的全部字符。

接着,就需要把responseBody传递给parsePage.java的parseFromString类提取链接。

Parser parser = new Parser(content);

HasAttributeFilter filter = new HasAttributeFilter("href");

try {

NodeList list = parser.parse(filter);

int count = list.size();

//process every link on this page

for(int i=0; i

Node node = list.elementAt(i);

if(node instanceof LinkTag) {

在HTML文件中,链接一般都在a标签的href属性中,所以需要创建一个属性过滤器。NodeList保存着这个HTML文件中的所有DOM节点,通过在for循环中依次处理每个节点寻找符合要求的标签,可以把网页中的所有链接提取出来。

然后通过nextlink.startsWith()进一步筛选,只处理以“http://johnhany.net/”开头的链接并跳过以“http://johnhany.net/wp-content/”开头的链接。

sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE URL = '" + nextlink + "'";

stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

if(rs.next()) {

}else {

//if the link does not exist in the database, insert it

sql = "INSERT INTO record (URL, crawled) VALUES ('" + nextlink + "',0)";

pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);

pstmt.execute();

在表record中查找是否已经存在这个链接,如果存在(rs.next()==true),不做任何处理;如果不存在(rs.next()==false),在表中插入这个地址并把crawled置为false。因为之前recordID设为AUTO_INCREMENT,所以要用 Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS获取适当的编号。

nextlink = nextlink.substring(mainurl.length());

if(nextlink.startsWith("tag/")) {

tag = nextlink.substring(4, nextlink.length()-1);

tag = URLDecoder.decode(tag,"UTF-8");

sql = "INSERT INTO tags (tagname) VALUES ('" + tag + "')";

pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);

pstmt.execute();

去掉链接开头的“http://johnhany.net/”几个字符,提高字符比较的速度。如果含有“tag/”说明其后的字符是一个标签的名字,把这给名字提取出来,用UTF-8编码,保证汉字的正常显示,然后存入表tags。类似地还可以加入判断“article/”,“author/”,或“2013/11/”等对其他链接进行归类。

结果

这是两张数据库的截图,显示了程序的部分结果:

cb9bc75b647f6680e7e7f3a30706692f.png

5a42164ab4f6c5308f1e5029f8cb396f.png

在这里可以获得全部输出结果。可以与本博客的sitemap比较一下,看看如果想在其基础上实现sitemap生成工具,还要做哪些修改。

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