1、 红黑树（Red Black Tree） 是一种自平衡二叉查找树，是在计算机科学中用到的一种数据结构，典型的用途是实现关联数组。 红黑树是在1972年由Rudolf Bayer发明的，当时被称为平衡二叉B树（symmetric binary B-trees）。后来，在1978年被 Leo J. Guibas 和 Robert Sedgewick 修改为如今的“红黑树”。 红黑树是一种特化的AVL树（平衡二叉树），都是在进行插入和删除操作时通过特定操作保持二叉查找树的平衡，从而获得较高的查找性能。 它虽然是复杂的，但它的最坏情况运行时间也是非常良好的，并且在实践中是高效的： 它可以在O(log n)时间内做查找，插入和删除，这里的n 是树中元素的数目。
2、特性：
3、插入（对于红黑树其比avl树多了颜色，在插入方面差异大）
对于插入的新增节点而言其可能为cur/在cur的左右插入，对于cur而言其有父亲节点parent（p），祖父grandfather（g），叔叔（u），叔叔的变化是造成插入差异的原因：
（1）u存在且为红，cur为新增节点：
（2）cur为红，p为红，g为黑，u不存在/u存在且为黑（单旋）：
注：cur为g左边的p的左边时用右单旋，反之左单旋
（3）cur为红，p为红，g为黑，u不存在/u存在且为黑（双旋）：
注：cur为g左边的p的右边时先用左单旋再用右单旋，反之先右后左单旋
//插入
bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(kv);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_kv.first > kv.first)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
cur = new Node(kv);
// 新增节点。颜色红色给红色，黑色的话会破坏规则
cur->_col = RED;
if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
cur->_parent = parent;
//调整树维持红黑树的规则
//当树的父亲节点存在或者父亲节点为红继续调整
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
// g
// p u
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
// u存在且为红，变色再继续往上处理
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
//将p与u变黑g变红
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
//g变为新的cur继续调整
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else
{
// u存在且为黑或不存在，旋转+变色
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
// g
// p u
//c
//单旋
RotateR(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// p u
// c
//双旋
RotateL(parent);
RotateR(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
//p和u反向
else
{
// g
// u p
Node* uncle = grandfather->_left;
// 叔叔存在且为红，-》变色即可
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
// 继续往上处理
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else // 叔叔不存在，或者存在且为黑
{
// 情况二：叔叔不存在或者存在且为黑
// 旋转+变色
// g
// u p
// c
if (cur == parent->_right)
{
RotateL(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotateR(parent);
RotateL(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
}
//保持根节点为黑
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
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4、判断红黑树的合理性：
//判断平衡
bool IsBalance()
{
if (_root == nullptr)
return true;
if (_root->_col == RED)
{
return false;
}
// 参考值
int refNum = 0;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_col == BLACK)
{
++refNum;
}
cur = cur->_left;
}
return Check(_root, 0, refNum);
}
bool Check(Node* root, int blackNum, const int refNum)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
//cout << blackNum << endl;
if (refNum != blackNum)
{
cout << "存在黑色节点的数量不相等的路径" << endl;
return false;
}
return true;
}
if (root->_col == RED && root->_parent->_col == RED)
{
cout << root->_kv.first << "存在连续的红色节点" << endl;
return false;
}
if (root->_col == BLACK)
{
blackNum++;
}
return Check(root->_left, blackNum, refNum)
&& Check(root->_right, blackNum, refNum);
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5、与anl的区别：
6、完整代码：
#pragma once
#pragma once
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<assert.h>
using namespace std;
//利用枚举控制节点颜色
enum Colour
{
RED,
BLACK
};
//控制树的节点
template<class K, class V>
struct RBTreeNode
{
pair<K, V> _kv;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _left;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _right;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;
Colour _col;
RBTreeNode(const pair<K, V>& kv)
:_kv(kv)
, _left(nullptr)
, _right(nullptr)
, _parent(nullptr)
{}
};
//控制树的行为
template<class K, class V>
class RBTree
{
typedef RBTreeNode<K, V> Node;
public:
//强制编译器生成默认构造
RBTree() = default;
//利用copy完成深层拷贝
RBTree(const RBTree<K, V>& t)
{
_root = Copy(t._root);
}
//赋值
RBTree<K, V>& operator=(RBTree<K, V> t)
{
swap(_root, t._root);
return *this;
}
//析构
~RBTree()
{
Destroy(_root);
_root = nullptr;
}
//插入
bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(kv);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_kv.first > kv.first)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
cur = new Node(kv);
// 新增节点。颜色红色给红色，黑色的话会破坏规则
cur->_col = RED;
if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
cur->_parent = parent;
//调整树维持红黑树的规则
//当树的父亲节点存在或者父亲节点为红继续调整
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
// g
// p u
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
// u存在且为红，变色再继续往上处理
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
//将p与u变黑g变红
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
//g变为新的cur继续调整
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else
{
// u存在且为黑或不存在，旋转+变色
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
// g
// p u
//c
//单旋
RotateR(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// p u
// c
//双旋
RotateL(parent);
RotateR(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
//p和u反向
else
{
// g
// u p
Node* uncle = grandfather->_left;
// 叔叔存在且为红，-》变色即可
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
// 继续往上处理
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else // 叔叔不存在，或者存在且为黑
{
// 情况二：叔叔不存在或者存在且为黑
// 旋转+变色
// g
// u p
// c
if (cur == parent->_right)
{
RotateL(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotateR(parent);
RotateL(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
}
//保持根节点为黑
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
void InOrder()
{
_InOrder(_root);
cout << endl;
}
int Height()
{
return _Height(_root);
}
int Size()
{
return _Size(_root);
}
//判断平衡
bool IsBalance()
{
if (_root == nullptr)
return true;
if (_root->_col == RED)
{
return false;
}
// 参考值
int refNum = 0;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_col == BLACK)
{
++refNum;
}
cur = cur->_left;
}
return Check(_root, 0, refNum);
}
Node* Find(const K& key)
{
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_kv.first < key)
{
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_kv.first > key)
{
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return cur;
}
}
return nullptr;
}
private:
bool Check(Node* root, int blackNum, const int refNum)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
//cout << blackNum << endl;
if (refNum != blackNum)
{
cout << "存在黑色节点的数量不相等的路径" << endl;
return false;
}
return true;
}
if (root->_col == RED && root->_parent->_col == RED)
{
cout << root->_kv.first << "存在连续的红色节点" << endl;
return false;
}
if (root->_col == BLACK)
{
blackNum++;
}
return Check(root->_left, blackNum, refNum)
&& Check(root->_right, blackNum, refNum);
}
int _Size(Node* root)
{
return root == nullptr ? 0 : _Size(root->_left) + _Size(root->_right) + 1;//左右加自己
}
int _Height(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return 0;
int leftHeight = _Height(root->_left);
int rightHeight = _Height(root->_right);
//取大的相加
return leftHeight > rightHeight ? leftHeight + 1 : rightHeight + 1;
}
void _InOrder(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
return;
}
_InOrder(root->_left);
cout << root->_kv.first << ":" << root->_kv.second << endl;
_InOrder(root->_right);
}
void RotateL(Node* parent)
{
Node* subR = parent->_right;
Node* subRL = subR->_left;
parent->_right = subRL;
if (subRL)
subRL->_parent = parent;
Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;
subR->_left = parent;
parent->_parent = subR;
if (parentParent == nullptr)
{
_root = subR;
subR->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (parent == parentParent->_left)
{
parentParent->_left = subR;
}
else
{
parentParent->_right = subR;
}
subR->_parent = parentParent;
}
}
void RotateR(Node* parent)
{
Node* subL = parent->_left;
Node* subLR = subL->_right;
parent->_left = subLR;
if (subLR)
subLR->_parent = parent;
Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;
subL->_right = parent;
parent->_parent = subL;
if (parentParent == nullptr)
{
_root = subL;
subL->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (parent == parentParent->_left)
{
parentParent->_left = subL;
}
else
{
parentParent->_right = subL;
}
subL->_parent = parentParent;
}
}
void RotateRL(Node* parent)
{
Node* subR = parent->_right;
Node* subRL = subR->_left;
int bf = subRL->_bf;
RotateR(parent->_right);
RotateL(parent);
if (bf == 0)
{
subR->_bf = 0;
subRL->_bf = 0;
parent->_bf = 0;
}
else if (bf == 1)
{
subR->_bf = 0;
subRL->_bf = 0;
parent->_bf = -1;
}
else if (bf == -1)
{
subR->_bf = 1;
subRL->_bf = 0;
parent->_bf = 0;
}
else
{
assert(false);
}
}
void RotateLR(Node* parent)
{
Node* subL = parent->_left;
Node* subLR = subL->_right;
int bf = subLR->_bf;
RotateL(parent->_left);
RotateR(parent);
if (bf == 0)
{
subL->_bf = 0;
subLR->_bf = 0;
parent->_bf = 0;
}
else if (bf == -1)
{
subL->_bf = 0;
subLR->_bf = 0;
parent->_bf = 1;
}
else if (bf == 1)
{
subL->_bf = -1;
subLR->_bf = 0;
parent->_bf = 0;
}
else
{
assert(false);
}
}
//中序完成删除
void Destroy(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return;
Destroy(root->_left);
Destroy(root->_right);
delete root;
}
//先序遍历完成拷贝
Node* Copy(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return nullptr;
Node* newRoot = new Node(root->_kv);
newRoot->_left = Copy(root->_left);
newRoot->_right = Copy(root->_right);
return newRoot;
}
private:
Node* _root = nullptr;
};
void TestRBTree1()
{
RBTree<int, int> t;
//int a[] = { 16, 3, 7, 11, 9, 26, 18, 14, 15 };
int a[] = { 4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 15, 7, 16, 14 };
for (auto e : a)
{
/*if (e == 9)
{
int i = 0;
}*/
t.Insert({ e, e });
//cout << e << "->" << t.IsBalanceTree() << endl;
}
t.InOrder();
cout << t.IsBalance() << endl;
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