oracle的复杂查询,oracle复杂查询语句

1.查询语句的使用

使用 select语句和子查询(subquery)可以从一个或多个表,视图,实体试图中返回数据.

1.1相关子查询

可以将子查询(as subquery)或in或exists当成where的一个条件的一部分,这样的查询称为子查询

.where中可以包含一个select语句的子查询

.where中可以包含in,exists语句

.最多可以嵌套16层

.层次过多会影响性能

[例]简单子查询实例

查询是否有的专家既以研究所的名义来申请基金项目,又以大学系为单位申请项目

(按规定只能以一个单位来申请)

SQL> create table univ_subject

2    (

3       name                 varchar2(12) not null,

4       per_id                number     not null,

5      dept_name       varchar2(20)

6    );

SQL> insert into univ_subject  values('gaoqianjing',1001,'信息工程系');

SQL> insert into univ_subject  values('wangbing',1002,'物理系');

SQL> insert into univ_subject  values('liming',1003,'化学系');

===============

SQL> create table  colle_subject

2     (

3              colle_name    varchar2(20),

4              per_id              number

5     );

SQL> insert into colle_subject values('电子研究所',1001);

SQL>  insert into colle_subject values('物理研究所',1005);

================

SQL> select name,per_id,dept_name from univ_subject where per_id in

2    (select per_id from colle_subject);

NAME            PER_ID   DEPT_NAME

------------          ---------     --------------------

gaoqianjing  1001      信息工程系

1.2外连接

[例]外连接实例

招生中所有学生的信息放在students表中,而部分有特长的学生在另一个表中stuent_skill中同样有该学生

的信息。现在要全部列出所有学生,如果某个学生在表student_skill中就有其特长信息,并显示特长信息,如果

某个学生没有特长就显示特长问空.

SQL>  create table students

2    (

3       st_id    varchar2(20),

4       name  varchar2(10),

5       age      number(2),

6       tol_score   number(3)

7    ) ;

SQL>   insert into students values('973231','wangbindu',22,501);

SQL>   insert into students values('973232','zhuzhijing',21,538);

SQL>  insert into students values('973233','gaojing',21,576);

===================

SQL>  create table student_skill

2   (

3      st_id  varchar2(20),

4      skill    varchar2(20)

5  );

SQL>  insert into student_skill values('973231','篮球');

SQL>  insert into student_skill(st_id) values('973232');

SQL>  insert into student_skill values('973233','足球');

===================

SQL>   select a.* , b.skill from students a,student_skill b where a.st_id=b.st_id(+)

order by a.st_id;

ST_ID                NAME             AGE TOL_SCORE SKILL

-------------------- ---------- --------- --------- ------------------  --

973231               wangbindu         22       501        篮球

973232               zhuzhijing           21       538

973233               gaojing                21       576        足球

1.3自我连接

自我连接是在同一个表或视图内进行条件连接.

[例]自我连接实例

查询每个雇员的名字和该雇员的经理的名字:

SQL> select e1.ename||'   work for   '||e2.ename "Employees and their Managers"

2  from  scott.emp e1,scott.emp e2 where e1.mgr=e2.empno;

Employees and their Managers

-------------------------------------------------

SMITH      work for   FORD

ALLEN     work for   BLAKE

WARD      work for   BLAKE

JONES     work for   KING

MARTIN   work for   BLAKE

BLAKE     work for   KING

CLARK     work for   KING

SCOTT      work for   JONES

TURNER  work for   BLAKE

ADAMS     work for   SCOTT

JAMES      work for   BLAKE

FORD        work for   JONES

MILLER     work for   CLARK

1.4UNION , INTERSECT及 MINUS

UNION:            可以将两个以上的表的相类似的查询结果放在一起 (union all则表示返回所有的行)

具体语法:

select ...

union[all]

select...

==========

INTERSECT:  返回两个表中相同的信息

具体语法:

select ...

intersect

select...

==========

MINUS          :  返回一个表中出现的信息

具体语法:

select ...

minus

select...

[例1]UNION操作实例

SQL> select  st_id  from students

2  union

3  select  st_id  from student_skill;

ST_ID

--------------------

973231

973232

973233

[例2]INTERSECT操作实例

列出有特长的学生的学号

SQL> select st_id from students

2  intersect

3  select st_id from student_skill;

ST_ID

--------------------

973231

973233

[例3]MINUS操作实例

列出没有特长学生的学号

select st_id from students

minus

select st_id from student_skill;

ST_ID

--------------------

973232

2.创建复杂的视图

许多应用系统有统计等功能,建议最好把这些复杂语句写成视图.下面是几个常用的视图.

2.1分组视图

[例1]简单的分组视图

SQL> create or replace view dept_tot as

2  select a.dname dept,sum(b.sal) total_sal from scott.dept a,scott.emp b

3  where a.deptno=b.deptno group by a.dname;

查看已建立。

SQL> select * from dept_tot;

DEPT                           TOTAL_SAL

--------------                     ---------

ACCOUNTING          8750

RESEARCH              10875

SALES                        9400

[例2]带复杂函数视图

SQL> create or replace view itemtot as

2  select persion,sum(amount) itemtot from ledger

3  where actiondate between

4  to_date('01-MAR-1901','dd-mon-yyyy') and

5  to_date('31-MAR-1901','dd-mon-yyyy')

6  and action in('bought','raid') group by persion;

2.2合计视图

[例]合计函数视图实例

SQL> create or replace view emp_no1  as

2  select deptno,sum(sal) 工资和,sum(comm) 总和

3  from scott.emp group by deptno;

SQL> select * from emp_no1;

DEPTNO    工资和      总和

--------- --------- ---------

10      8750

20     10875

30      9400      2200

2.3组合视图

[例]带组合函数的视图

SQL> create or replace view byitem as

2  select l.persion persion.item, amount, 100*amount/item bypersion,100*amount/total bytotal

3  from ledgent l,itemtotal i,total where l.persion=i.persion where l.persion=i.persion

4  and actiondate between

5  to_date('01-MAR-1901','dd-mon-yyyy') and

6  to_date('31-MAR-1901','dd-mon-yyyy')

7   and action in('bought','raid') ;

3.家族树

语法:

select column from table_name start with column=value

connect by prior 父主键=子主键

3.1排除单一性和分枝

以ORACLE中的EMP表为例

[例]从顶到底列出各雇员的信息

SQL> select lpad(' ',4*(level-1))||ename name,empno,mgr from emp start with mgr is null

2  connect by prior empno=mgr;

NAME                                 EMPNO       MGR

---------                                  ---------           ---------

KING                                   7839

JONES                           7566            7839

SCOTT                     7788            7566

ADAMS              7876            7788

3.2遍历至根

[例1]现在要从某个雇员开始向他的上级列出该雇员的层次结构

SQL> col ename for a30;

SQL> select lpad(' ',4*(level-1))||ename ename,mgr,empno from scott.emp

2  start with mgr=7788 connect by prior mgr=empno;

ENAME                                MGR     EMPNO

------------------------------         ---------    ---------

ADAMS                               7788      7876

SCOTT                           7566       7788

JONES                       7839       7566

KING                                        7839

[例2]列出所有雇员的层次结构

SQL> select lpad(' ',4*(level-1))||ename ename,empno,mgr from scott.emp

2  start with mgr is not null

3  connect by empno=prior mgr;

ENAME                              EMPNO       MGR

------------------------------       ---------           ---------

SMITH                               7369          7902

FORD                            7902         7566

JONES                       7566        7839

KING                    7839

ALLEN                               7499        7698

BLAKE                           7698        7839

KING                        7839

WARD                                7521        7698

BLAKE                           7698        7839

KING                        7839

JONES                               7566        7839

KING                            7839

MARTIN                              7654        7698

BLAKE                           7698         7839

KING                        7839

BLAKE                               7698        7839

KING                            7839

CLARK                               7782         7839

KING                            7839

SCOTT                               7788         7566

JONES                           7566        7839

posted on 2008-01-02 19:38 都市淘沙者 阅读(2321) 评论(3)  编辑  收藏 所属分类: Oracle/Mysql/Postgres/