英语考研 胡壮麟版 语言学教程 第十章 语言和计算机
Chapter 10Language and the Computer 1. CAI, CAL & CALL CAI: computer-assisted instruction CAL: computer-assisted learning CALL: computer-assisted language learning Three phases of CALL: Behavioristic CALL Communicative CALL Integrative CALL 1.1 Behavioristic CALL Conceived in the 1950s and implemented in the 1960s and ’70s. Based on the then dominant behaviorist theories of learning--repetitive language drills (drill and practice). The courseware is based on the model of computer as tutor, a vehicle for delivering instructional materials to the student. The rationale Repeated exposure to the same material is beneficial or even essential to learning. A computer is ideal for carrying out repeated drills, since the machine does not get bored with presenting the same material and since it can provide immediate non-judgmental feedback. A computer can present such material on an individualized basis, allowing students to proceed at their own pace and freeing up class time for other activities. Based on these notions, a number of CALL tutoring systems were developed for the mainframe computers which were used at that time. The PLATO system: vocabulary drills, brief grammar explanations and drills, and translations tests at various intervals. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, behavioristic CALL was undermined by two important factors. First, behavioristic approaches to language learning had been rejected at both the theoretical and the pedagogical level. 1.2 Communicative CALL Based on the communicative approach to LT which became prominent in the 1970s and 80s. Proponents of this approach felt that the drill and practice programs of the previous decade did not allow enough authentic communication to be of much value. Premises for Communicative CALL focuses more on using forms rather than on the forms themselves; teaches grammar implicitly rather than explicitly; allows and encourages students to generate original utterances rather than just manipulate prefabri
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