linux中使用yum安装主程序包,技术|在红帽Linux中使用YUM包管理器

YUM是RHEL系统中提供的一个安装，卸载和搜索软件包的工具。它能做的不仅仅是安装、卸载软件包，它能做的还有更多，下面我们将在本文中为你展示。

YUM可以自动安装软件包的依赖包，例如当你使用yum安装httpd时，它还会自动安装https apache server以及它依赖的软件包。通过rpm软件包安装时就没有这么方便咯(译注：就是不会自动处理软件包依赖问题咯！)，你必须下载所有它依赖的软件包，然后依序安装它们。

yum工具从远端服务器上的软件仓库(通常由OS提供商提供)获取软件包的信息。一个软件仓库是能在特定架构上运行的一系列rpm软件包的集合。例如，对于32位和64位系统各有一个软件仓库，还有针对RHEL5以及RHEL6的软件仓库。你也可以建立一个本地仓库，配置你的yum让其从你的本地仓库里搜索安装软件包。在接下来的例子中，我将向你展示除了安装和卸载软件，yum还可以做的其它事情。为方便理解，我将在我的Amazon EC2 RHEL 6.4服务器上使用httpd软件包为例。

从软件仓库里搜索软件包

# yum search httpd

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security

==================== N/S Matched: httpd ==========

httpd.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server

httpd-devel.i686 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server

httpd-devel.x86_64 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server

httpd-manual.noarch : Documentation for the Apache HTTP server

httpd-tools.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server

mod_dav_svn.x86_64 : Apache httpd module for Subversion server

mod_dnssd.x86_64 : An Apache HTTPD module which adds Zeroconf support

想获得详细的输出信息，可以使用下面的命令：

# yum provides httpd

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security

httpd-2.2.15-26.el6.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server

Repo : rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases

Matched from:

yum provides httpd在软件仓库里搜索含有httpd的软件包。

提供所有软件组列表

# yum grouplist

以上命令将为你显示已经安装的以及可用的软件组。你可以使用软件组安装选项来安装其中一个软件组。例如，我们将安装一个PHP Support的软件组。这个软件组内包含需要的PHP软件包。

# yum groupinstall PHP Support

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security

Setting up Group Process

Warning: Group Support does not exist.

Resolving Dependencies

-> Running transaction check

--> Package php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed

-> Processing Dependency: php-common(x86-64) = 5.3.3-23.el6_4 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: php-cli(x86-64) = 5.3.3-23.el6_4 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64

--> Package php-gd.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed

-> Processing Dependency: libXpm.so.4()(64bit) for package: php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64

--> Package php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed

--> Package php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 will be installed

--> Package php-xml.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed

-> Running transaction check

--> Package libXpm.x86_64 0:3.5.10-2.el6 will be installed

--> Package php-cli.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed

--> Package php-common.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed

-> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

==================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

==================================================

Installing:

php x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 1.1 M

php-gd x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 106 k

php-pdo x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 75 k

php-pear noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 393 k

php-xml x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 103 k

Installing for dependencies:

libXpm x86_64 3.5.10-2.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 51 k

php-cli x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 2.2 M

php-common x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 524 k

Transaction Summary

==================================================

Install 8 Package(s)

Total download size: 4.5 M

Installed size: 16 M

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading Packages:

(1/8): libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64.rpm | 51 kB 00:00

(2/8): php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 1.1 MB 00:00

(3/8): php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 2.2 MB 00:00

(4/8): php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 524 kB 00:00

(5/8): php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 106 kB 00:00

(6/8): php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 75 kB 00:00

(7/8): php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch.rpm | 393 kB 00:00

(8/8): php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 103 kB 00:00

-----------------------------------------------

Total 2.9 MB/s | 4.5 MB 00:01

Running rpm_check_debug

Running Transaction Test

Transaction Test Succeeded

Running Transaction

Installing : php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 1/8

Installing : php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/8

Installing : libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64 3/8

Installing : php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 4/8

Installing : 1:php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch 5/8

Installing : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 6/8

Installing : php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 7/8

Installing : php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 8/8

Verifying : 1:php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch 1/8

Verifying : php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/8

Verifying : php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 3/8

Verifying : libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64 4/8

Verifying : php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 5/8

Verifying : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 6/8

Verifying : php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 7/8

Verifying : php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 8/8

Installed:

php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-gd.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4

php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 php-xml.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4

Dependency Installed:

libXpm.x86_64 0:3.5.10-2.el6 php-cli.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-common.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4

Complete!

使用YUM安装软件包

可以使用yum install命令安装软件包，如下所示：

# yum install httpd

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security

Setting up Install Process

Resolving Dependencies

-> Running transaction check

--> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed

-> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.2.15-29.el6_4 for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: apr-util-ldap for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64

-> Running transaction check

--> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed

--> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed

--> Package apr-util-ldap.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed

--> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed

-> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

======================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

======================================================

Installing:

httpd x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 821 k

Installing for dependencies:

apr x86_64 1.3.9-5.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 123 k

apr-util x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 87 k

apr-util-ldap x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 15 k

httpd-tools x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 73 k

Transaction Summary

======================================================

Install 5 Package(s)

Total download size: 1.1 M

Installed size: 3.6 M

Is this ok [y/N]: y

如你所见，在安装httpd时yum安装了额外的软件包。这称为yum完成的依赖包解析。

假如你不想让yum弹出[y/N]选项，可以使用yum install -y httpd

使用yum update 命令更新一个已存在的软件包

# yum update httpd

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security

Setting up Update Process

No Packages marked for Update

这意味着你系统中安装的httpd软件包已经是yum软件仓库里的最新版本的了。

更新服务器上所有的软件包

# yum update

以上命令将系统上的所有软件包更新到最新版本，包括内核软件包，这意味着你的OS更新到了RHEL提供的最新版本了。

下载RPM软件包但是不安装

可以使用yum从RHEL或者CentOS的软件仓库里下载RPM软件包但是不安装。你首先需要下载一个插件让yum只下载rpm软件包而不安装。插件名字叫downloadonly，可以通过yum安装，如下所示：

# yum install yum-downloadonly

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security

Setting up Install Process

Resolving Dependencies

-> Running transaction check

--> Package yum-plugin-downloadonly.noarch 0:1.1.30-14.el6 will be installed

-> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

====================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

====================================================

Installing:

yum-plugin-downloadonly noarch 1.1.30-14.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 20 k

Transaction Summary

====================================================

Install 1 Package(s)

Total download size: 20 k

Installed size: 21 k

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading Packages:

yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm | 20 kB 00:00

Running rpm_check_debug

Running Transaction Test

Transaction Test Succeeded

Running Transaction

Installing : yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch 1/1

Verifying : yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch 1/1

Installed:

yum-plugin-downloadonly.noarch 0:1.1.30-14.el6

Complete!

现在你就可以从软件仓库里只下载软件包而不安装了，命令如下：

# yum install httpd-devel -downloadonly

默认情况下软件包会被下载到/var/cache/yum/目录，但是你可以添加额外选项将其下载到指定位置

# yum install httpd-devel -downloadonly -downloaddir=/opt

假如你有一个rpm软件包但是没有它所依赖的软件包，你不知道到哪去得到它所依赖的软件包。你仍然可以通过yum安装这个rpm软件包，并从软件仓库里得到它所依赖的软件包。让我们安装刚刚下载的httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el64.x8664 RPM软件包。

# yum localinstall /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security

Setting up Local Package Process

Examining /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64

Marking /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm to be installed

Resolving Dependencies

-> Running transaction check

--> Package httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed

-> Processing Dependency: apr-devel for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: apr-util-devel for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64

-> Running transaction check

--> Package apr-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed

--> Package apr-util-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed

-> Processing Dependency: openldap-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: expat-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: db4-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64

-> Running transaction check

--> Package db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be installed

-> Processing Dependency: db4-cxx = 4.7.25-18.el6_4 for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: db4 = 4.7.25-18.el6_4 for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: libdb_cxx-4.7.so()(64bit) for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64

--> Package expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.1-11.el6_2 will be installed

--> Package openldap-devel.x86_64 0:2.4.23-32.el6_4.1 will be installed

-> Processing Dependency: cyrus-sasl-devel >= 2.1 for package: openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64

-> Running transaction check

--> Package cyrus-sasl-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 will be installed

--> Package db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-17.el6 will be updated

-> Processing Dependency: db4 = 4.7.25-17.el6 for package: db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64

--> Package db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be an update

--> Package db4-cxx.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be installed

-> Running transaction check

--> Package db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-17.el6 will be updated

--> Package db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be an update

-> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

===================================================

Installing:

httpd-devel x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 /httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 526 k

Installing for dependencies:

apr-devel x86_64 1.3.9-5.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 176 k

apr-util-devel x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 69 k

cyrus-sasl-devel x86_64 2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 302 k

db4-cxx x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 588 k

db4-devel x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 6.6 M

expat-devel x86_64 2.0.1-11.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 120 k

openldap-devel x86_64 2.4.23-32.el6_4.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 1.1 M

Updating for dependencies:

db4 x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 563 k

db4-utils x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 130 k

Transaction Summary

===============================================

Install 8 Package(s)

Upgrade 2 Package(s)

Total size: 10 M

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading Packages:

Running rpm_check_debug

Running Transaction Test

Transaction Test Succeeded

Running Transaction

Updating : db4-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 1/12

Installing : apr-devel-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64 2/12

Installing : expat-devel-2.0.1-11.el6_2.x86_64 3/12

Installing : db4-cxx-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 4/12

Installing : db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 5/12

Installing : cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-13.el6_3.1.x86_64 6/12

Installing : openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64 7/12

Installing : apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64 8/12

Installing : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 9/12

Updating : db4-utils-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 10/12

Cleanup : db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 11/12

Cleanup : db4-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 12/12

Verifying : apr-devel-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64 1/12

Verifying : cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-13.el6_3.1.x86_64 2/12

Verifying : apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64 3/12

Verifying : db4-cxx-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 4/12

Verifying : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 5/12

Verifying : openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64 6/12

Verifying : expat-devel-2.0.1-11.el6_2.x86_64 7/12

Verifying : db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 8/12

Verifying : db4-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 9/12

Verifying : db4-utils-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 10/12

Verifying : db4-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 11/12

Verifying : db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 12/12

Installed:

httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4

Dependency Installed:

apr-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 apr-util-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1

cyrus-sasl-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 db4-cxx.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4

db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.1-11.el6_2

openldap-devel.x86_64 0:2.4.23-32.el6_4.1

Dependency Updated:

db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4

Complete!

使用yum卸载软件包

使用 yum remove 卸载软件包。举例如下：

# yum remove httpd

Failed to set locale, defaulting to C

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security

Setting up Remove Process

Resolving Dependencies

-> Running transaction check

--> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be erased

-> Processing Dependency: httpd-mmn = 20051115 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64

-> Processing Dependency: httpd = 2.2.15-29.el6_4 for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64

-> Running transaction check

--> Package httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be erased

--> Package php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be erased

-> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

================================================

Removing:

httpd x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 @rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 2.9 M

Removing for dependencies:

httpd-devel x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 @/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 526 k

php x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 @rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 3.5 M

Transaction Summary

================================================

Remove 3 Package(s)

Installed size: 7.0 M

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading Packages:

Running rpm_check_debug

Running Transaction Test

Transaction Test Succeeded

Running Transaction

Erasing : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 1/3

Erasing : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/3

Erasing : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 3/3

Verifying : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 1/3

Verifying : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 2/3

Verifying : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 3/3

Removed:

httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4

Dependency Removed:

httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4

Complete!

列出所有安装的软件包

假如你要列出你系统上安装的所有软件包，你可以使用yum list installed命令。这条命令结合grep命令是非常有用的，可以用来检查某个特定的软件包是否已被安装。这与使用rpm -qa命令询问已经安装的软件包相似。

# yum list installed

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security

Installed Packages

ConsoleKit.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

ConsoleKit-libs.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

MAKEDEV.x86_64 3.24-6.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

PyYAML.x86_64 3.10-3.1.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-Release_Notes-6-en-US.noarch

4-2.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

SDL.x86_64 1.2.14-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

abrt.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

abrt-addon-ccpp.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

abrt-addon-kerneloops.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

abrt-addon-python.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

abrt-cli.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

abrt-libs.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

abrt-tui.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

acl.x86_64 2.2.49-6.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

acpid.x86_64 1.0.10-2.1.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

aic94xx-firmware.noarch 30-2.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever

.

.

Output Truncated.

列出可用的软件库，通过它们可以查询、安装和更新软件包

# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security

repo id repo name status

rhui-REGION-client-config-server-6 Red Hat Update Infrastructure 2.0 Client Configuration Server 6 4

rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 (RPMs) 10994

rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases-optional Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 Optional (RPMs) 6250

repolist: 17248

本文由 LCTT 原创翻译，Linux中国 荣誉推出