af dns 刷新时间_网管必读-常用网络命令

C:\> netstat -e

Interface Statistics

Received Sent

Bytes 3995837940 47224622

Unicast packets 120099 131015

Non-unicast packets 7579544 3823

Discards 0 0

Errors 0 0

Unknown protocols 363054211

C:\> netstat -a

Active Connections

Proto Local Address Foreign Address State

TCP CORP1:1572 172.16.48.10:nbsession ESTABLISHED

TCP CORP1:1589 172.16.48.10:nbsession ESTABLISHED

TCP CORP1:1606 172.16.105.245:nbsession ESTABLISHED

TCP CORP1:1632 172.16.48.213:nbsession ESTABLISHED

TCP CORP1:1659 172.16.48.169:nbsession ESTABLISHED

TCP CORP1:1714 172.16.48.203:nbsession ESTABLISHED

TCP CORP1:1719 172.16.48.36:nbsession ESTABLISHED

TCP CORP1:1241 172.16.48.101:nbsession ESTABLISHED

UDP CORP1:1025 *:*

UDP CORP1:snmp *:*

UDP CORP1:nbname *:*

UDP CORP1:nbdatagram *:*

UDP CORP1:nbname *:*

UDP CORP1:nbdatagram *:*

C:\> netstat -s

IP Statistics

Packets Received = 5378528

Received Header Errors = 738854

Received Address Errors = 23150

Datagrams Forwarded = 0

Unknown Protocols Received = 0

Received Packets Discarded = 0

Received Packets Delivered = 4616524

Output Requests = 132702

Routing Discards = 157

Discarded Output Packets = 0

Output Packet No Route = 0

Reassembly Required = 0

Reassembly Successful = 0

Reassembly Failures =

Datagrams Successfully Fragmented = 0

Datagrams Failing Fragmentation = 0

Fragments Created = 0

ICMP Statistics

Received Sent

Messages 693 4

Errors 0 0

Destination Unreachable 685 0

Time Exceeded 0 0

Parameter Problems 0 0

Source Quenches 0 0

Redirects 0 0

Echoes 4 0

Echo Replies 0 4

Timestamps 0 0

Timestamp Replies 0 0

Address Masks 0 0

Address Mask Replies 0 0

TCP Statistics

Active Opens = 597

Passive Opens = 135

Failed Connection Attempts = 107

Reset Connections = 91

Current Connections = 8

Segments Received = 106770

Segments Sent = 118431

Segments Retransmitted = 461

UDP Statistics

Datagrams Received = 4157136

No Ports = 351928

Receive Errors = 2

Datagrams Sent = 13809

使用 tracert 跟踪网络连接

Tracert(跟踪路由)是路由跟踪实用程序，用于确定 IP 数据报访问目标所采取的路径。Tracert 命令用 IP 生存时间 (TTL) 字段和 ICMP 错误消息来确定从一个主机到网络上其他主机的路由。

Tracert 工作原理

通过向目标发送不同 IP 生存时间 (TTL) 值的“Internet 控制消息协议 (ICMP)”回应数据包，Tracert 诊断程序确定到目标所采取的路由。要求路径上的每个路由器在转发数据包之前至少将数据包上的 TTL 递减 1。数据包上的 TTL 减为 0 时，路由器应该将“ICMP 已超时”的消息发回源系统。

Tracert 先发送 TTL 为 1 的回应数据包，并在随后的每次发送过程将 TTL 递增 1，直到目标响应或 TTL 达到最大值，从而确定路由。通过检查中间路由器发回的“ICMP 已超时”的消息确定路由。某些路由器不经询问直接丢弃 TTL 过期的数据包，这在Tracert 实用程序中看不到。

Tracert 命令按顺序打印出返回“ICMP 已超时”消息的路径中的近端路由器接口列表。如果使用 -d 选项，则Tracert 实用程序不在每个 IP 地址上查询 DNS。

在下例中，数据包必须通过两个路由器(10.0.0.1 和 192.168.0.1)才能到达主机172.16.0.99。主机的默认网关是 10.0.0.1，192.168.0.0 网络上的路由器的 IP 地 址是 192.168.0.1。