定义一个圆类java用echo_一个10*10的正方形里，最多可以放多少个直径为1的圆？为啥不是100个？...

数学算法俱乐部日期：2020年09月03日

正文共：2441字7图

预计阅读时间：7分钟

来源：少年数学家Q：在一个10*10的正方形里，最多可以放多少个直径为1的圆？为啥不是100个？答案：106个。下面开始解题↓首先，大家想想一个硬币最多能和几个硬币相邻？六个 。那如果一个格子放一个硬币，那是占几个呢？四个。这也意味着有大量的空间被浪费了。所以，重新排列后，这样就有105个圆了。然后聪明的你是不是发现还有空隙？那就将它利用起来！这样安排就又多了个10排的，神奇的又插了一个进去。那么，还能不能再用什么神奇的方法再搞一个进去呢？不好意思，不可能了...强扭的瓜不甜，强塞的圆不……我们现在来用数学证明不能放下107个圆呢？有两种思路1、把正方形看做一个框，把圆看成光滑的小球，然后你取一个球，使劲压，看看能不能压进去。当然现实中是没有绝对光滑小球的，实际没法做这个实验。但数学上可以定义小球与小球，小球与方框之间的势能，然后用各种算法降低势能，看看最小值能不能降到零即可。2、取n个小球，然后放进一个方框，方框使劲收缩，收缩到无法再收缩为止。最终结果就是最优平面圆堆积，这种方法比上一种要复杂一些。但是数学家一般喜欢研究第二个，因为至少对于正方形等圆嵌入来说，解决了第二个也就解决了第一个。对于矩形才会用第一种方法。但这个思路说得轻巧，可数学上怎么定义使劲收缩呢？Talk is cheap, Show me the code!https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7455/1/FulltextThesis.pdf这本书整理了这方面的研究成果，第72页讨论了圆塞入正方形，后面还有更难的不相等图形塞进不规则边框。书中没给结果，算法都是伪代码，不用完全看懂公式也能复现。运算时间要有心理准备，一次差不多要跑半个小时。计算结果表明106个直径为1的圆能放进边长9.996960840529825的正方形但是如果要放置107个直径为1的圆就要边长10.09975184413619的正方形所以确实10*10的正方形只能塞下106个直径为1的圆。注意有轻微的形变，比如右下那个没对齐，上边框第五个圆脱离了边框，但是只有0.4%，整体上和原来差不多。最后，附上全部的绘图代码：t1=Flatten[Table[{i,j},{i,1,19,2},{j,1,19,2}],1];

Append[Circle/@t1,

{EdgeForm[Dashed],RGBColor[0,0,0,0],Rectangle[{0,0},{20,20}]}

]//Graphics

f10=Circle/@Table[{i,#},{i,1,19,2}]&;

f9=Circle/@Table[{i,#},{i,2,18,2}]&;

Join[

Table[{f10[1+(i-1)Sqrt[3]]},{i,1,11,2}],

Table[{f9[1+i Sqrt[3]]},{i,1,10,2}],

{EdgeForm[Dashed],RGBColor[0,0,0,0],Rectangle[{0,0},{20,20}]}

]//Graphics

Join[

Table[{f10[1+(i-1)Sqrt[3]]},{i,1,5,2}],

Table[{f9[1+i Sqrt[3]]},{i,1,4,2}],

Table[{f10[4Sqrt[3]+3+(i-1)Sqrt[3]]},{i,1,5,2}],

Table[{f9[4Sqrt[3]+3+i Sqrt[3]]},{i,1,4,2}],

{f10[19]},

{EdgeForm[Dashed],RGBColor[0,0,0,0],Rectangle[{0,0},{20,20}]}

]//Graphics

pts={

{-8.99696,-8.99696},{-8.99696,-5.39534},{-8.99696,-1.93124},{-8.99696,0.0687576},{-8.99696,3.53286},

{-8.99696,6.99696},{-8.99696,8.99696},{-8.03644,-7.23071},{-7.99696,-3.66329},{-7.99696,1.80081},

{-7.99696,5.26491},{-7.,-5.50556},{-6.99713,-8.97132},{-6.99696,-1.93124},{-6.99696,0.0687576},

{-6.99696,3.53286},{-6.99696,6.99696},{-6.99696,8.99696},{-6.,-7.23761},{-6.,-3.77351},{-5.99696,1.80081},

{-5.99696,5.26491},{-5.,-5.50556},{-5.,-2.04146},{-5.,-0.0414576},{-4.99729,-8.99696},{-4.99696,3.53286},

{-4.99696,6.99696},{-4.99696,8.99696},{-4.,-7.23961},{-4.,-3.77351},{-4.,1.69059},{-3.99696,5.26491},

{-3.,-5.50556},{-3.,-2.04146},{-3.,-0.0414576},{-3.,3.42264},{-2.99746,-8.97113},{-2.99696,6.99696},

{-2.99696,8.99696},{-2.,-7.23761},{-2.,-3.77351},{-2.,1.69059},{-2.,5.15469},{-1.,-5.50556},{-1.,-2.04146},

{-1.,-0.0414576},{-1.,3.42264},{-1.,6.88675},{-1.,8.88675},{-0.997623,-8.99696},{0.,-7.23961},{0.,-3.77351},

{0.,1.69059},{0.,5.15469},{0.996961,6.99696},{0.996961,8.99696},{1.,-5.50556},{1.,-2.04146},{1.,-0.0414576},

{1.,3.42264},{1.00221,-8.97093},{1.99696,5.26491},{2.,-7.23761},{2.,-3.77351},{2.,1.69059},{2.99696,3.53286},

{2.99696,6.99696},{2.99696,8.99696},{3.,-5.50556},{3.,-2.04146},{3.,-0.0414576},{3.00204,-8.99696},

{3.99696,1.80081},{3.99696,5.26491},{4.,-7.23961},{4.,-3.77351},{4.99696,-1.93124},{4.99696,0.0687576},

{4.99696,3.53286},{4.99696,6.99696},{4.99696,8.99696},{5.,-5.50556},{5.00187,-8.97074},{5.99696,-3.66329},

{5.99696,1.80081},{5.99696,5.26491},{6.,-7.23761},{6.99696,-5.39534},{6.99696,-1.93124},{6.99696,0.0687576},

{6.99696,3.53286},{6.99696,6.99696},{6.99696,8.99696},{7.00169,-8.99696},{7.99696,-7.12739},{7.99696,-3.66329},

{7.99696,1.80081},{7.99696,5.26491},{8.99696,-8.85945},{8.99696,-5.39534},{8.99696,-1.93124},{8.99696,0.0687576},

{8.99696,3.53286},{8.99696,6.99696},{8.99696,8.99696}

};

Echo[m = Max@First@Transpose@pts + 1, "Min: "];

Append[

Circle /@ pts,

{EdgeForm[Dashed], RGBColor[0, 0, 0, 0], Rectangle[{-m, -m}, {m, m}]}

] // Graphics所以，你现在知道，为什么答案是106个圆了吗？— THE END —