postgresql linux log,PostgreSQL on Linux 最佳部署手册

PostgreSQL on Linux 最佳部署手册

原文作者为德哥，digoal

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背景

数据库的安装一直以来都挺复杂的，特别是Oracle，现在身边都还有安装Oracle数据库赚外快的事情。

PostgreSQL其实安装很简单，但是那仅仅是可用，并不是好用。很多用户使用默认的方法安装好数据库之后，然后测试一通性能，发现性能不行就不用了。

原因不用说，多方面没有优化的结果。

PostgreSQL数据库为了适应更多的场景能使用，默认的参数都设得非常保守，通常需要优化，比如检查点，SHARED BUFFER等。

本文将介绍一下PostgreSQL on Linux的最佳部署方法，其实在我的很多文章中都有相关的内容，但是没有总结成一篇文档。

安装常用包

yum -y install coreutils glib2 lrzsz mpstat dstat sysstat e4fsprogs

xfsprogs ntp readline-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel pam-devel

libxml2-devel libxslt-devel python-devel tcl-devel gcc make

smartmontools flex bison perl-devel perl-ExtUtils* openldap-devel

配置OS内核参数

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

\#add by digoal.zhou

fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576

fs.file-max = 76724600

kernel.core_pattern= /data01/corefiles/core_%e_%u_%t_%s.%p

# /data01/corefiles事先建好，权限777

kernel.sem = 4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000

# 信号量, ipcs -l 或 -u 查看，每16个进程一组，每组信号量需要17个信号量。

kernel.shmall = 107374182

# 所有共享内存段相加大小限制(建议内存的80%)

kernel.shmmax = 274877906944

# 最大单个共享内存段大小(建议为内存一半), >9.2的版本已大幅降低共享内存的使用

kernel.shmmni = 819200

# 一共能生成多少共享内存段，每个PG数据库集群至少2个共享内存段

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 10000

net.core.rmem_default = 262144

# The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes.

net.core.rmem_max = 4194304

# The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes

net.core.wmem_default = 262144

# The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer.

net.core.wmem_max = 4194304

# The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.

net.core.somaxconn = 4096

net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096

net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 20

net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3

net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 60

net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 12582912 16777216

net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 5

net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# 开启SYN Cookies。当出现SYN等待队列溢出时，启用cookie来处理，可防范少量的SYN攻击

net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1

# 减少time_wait

net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0

# 如果=1则开启TCP连接中TIME-WAIT套接字的快速回收，但是NAT环境可能导致连接失败，建议服务端关闭它 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1

# 开启重用。允许将TIME-WAIT套接字重新用于新的TCP连接

net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 262144

net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 8192 87380 16777216

net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 8192 65536 16777216

net.nf_conntrack_max = 1200000

net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 1200000

vm.dirty_background_bytes = 409600000

# 系统脏页到达这个值，系统后台刷脏页调度进程 pdflush(或其他)自动将(dirty_expire_centisecs/100)秒前的脏页刷到磁盘

vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 3000

# 比这个值老的脏页，将被刷到磁盘。3000表示30秒。

vm.dirty_ratio = 95

# 如果系统进程刷脏页太慢，使得系统脏页超过内存 95 % 时，则用户进程如果有写磁盘的操作(如fsync, fdatasync等调用)，则需要主动把系统脏页刷出。

# 有效防止用户进程刷脏页，在单机多实例，并且使用CGROUP限制单实例IOPS的情况下非常有效。 vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 100

# pdflush(或其他)后台刷脏页进程的唤醒间隔， 100表示1秒。

vm.extra_free_kbytes = 4096000

vm.min_free_kbytes = 2097152

vm.mmap_min_addr = 65536

vm.overcommit_memory = 0

# 在分配内存时，允许少量over malloc, 如果设置为 1, 则认为总是有足够的内存，内存较少的测试环境可以使用 1 . vm.overcommit_ratio = 90

# 当overcommit_memory = 2 时，用于参与计算允许指派的内存大小。

vm.swappiness = 0

# 关闭交换分区

vm.zone_reclaim_mode = 0

# 禁用 numa, 或者在vmlinux中禁止.

net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 40000 65535

# 本地自动分配的TCP, UDP端口号范围

# vm.nr_hugepages = 66536

# 建议shared buffer设置超过64GB时使用大页，页大小 /proc/meminfo Hugepagesize

配置OS资源限制

vi /etc/security/limits.conf

*soft nofile 1024000

*hard nofile 1024000

*soft nproc unlimited

*hard nproc unlimited

*soft core unlimited

*hard core unlimited

*soft memlock unlimited

*hard memlock unlimited

配置OS防火墙

(建议按业务场景设置，我这里先清掉)

iptables -F

selinux

如果没有这方面的需求，建议禁用

vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux

SELINUX=disabled

SELINUXTYPE=targeted

部署文件系统

注意SSD对齐，延长寿命，避免写放大。

parted -s /dev/sda mklabel gpt

parted -s /dev/sda mkpart primary 1MiB 100%

格式化

mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 -m 0 -O extent,uninit_bg -E lazy_itable_init=1 -T largefile -L u01

建议使用的ext4 mount选项

vi /etc/fstab

LABEL=u01 /u01 ext4 defaults,noatime,nodiratime,nodelalloc,barrier=0,data=writeback 0 0

# mount -a

编译器

建议使用较新的编译器，安装 gcc 6.2.0 略

cd ~

tar -jxvf gcc6.2.0.tar.bz2

tar -jxvf python2.7.12.tar.bz2

vi /etc/ld.so.conf

/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/lib

/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/lib64

/home/digoal/python2.7.12/lib

ldconfig

环境变量

vi ~/env_pg.sh

export PS1="$USER@`/bin/hostname -s`-> "

export PGPORT=$1

export PGDATA=/$2/digoal/pg_root$PGPORT

export.utf8

export PGHOME=/home/digoal/pgsql9.6

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/lib:/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/lib64:/home/digoal/python2.7.12/lib:$PGHOME/lib:/lib64:/usr/lib64:/usr/local/lib64:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH export PATH=/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin:/home/digoal/python2.7.12/bin:/home/digoal/cmake3.6.3/bin:$PGHOME/bin:$PATH:.

export DATE=`date +"%Y%m%d%H%M"`

export MANPATH=$PGHOME/share/man:$MANPATH

export PGHOST=$PGDATA

export PGUSER=postgres

export PGDATABASE=postgres alias rm='rm -i' alias ll='ls -lh' unalias vi

编译PostgreSQL

建议使用NAMED_POSIX_SEMAPHORES

. ~/env_pg.sh 1921 u01

cd postgresql-9.6.1

export USE_NAMED_POSIX_SEMAPHORES=1

LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O3 -flto" ./configure --prefix=/home/digoal/pgsql9.6

LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O3 -flto" make world -j 64 LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O3 -flto" make install-world

初始化数据库集群

pg_xlog建议放在IOPS最好的分区。

. ~/env_pg.sh 1921 u01

initdb -D $PGDATA -E UTF8 --locale=C -U postgres -X /u02/digoal/pg_xlog$PGPORT

配置postgresql.conf

以PostgreSQL 9.6, 512G内存主机为例

最佳到文件末尾即可，重复的会以末尾的作为有效值。

$ vi postgresql.conf

listen_addresses = '0.0.0.0'

port = 1921

max_connections = 5000

unix_socket_directories = '.'

tcp_keepalives_idle = 60

tcp_keepalives_interval = 10

tcp_keepalives_count = 10

shared_buffers = 128GB

maintenance_work_mem = 4GB

dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix

vacuum_cost_delay = 0

bgwriter_delay = 10ms

bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 1000

bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 10.0

bgwriter_flush_after = 0

max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 0

old_snapshot_threshold = -1

backend_flush_after = 0

wal_level = replica

synchronous_commit = off full_page_writes = on

wal_buffers = 1GB

wal_writer_delay = 10ms

wal_writer_flush_after = 0

checkpoint_timeout = 30min

max_wal_size = 256GB

min_wal_size = 64GB

checkpoint_completion_target = 0.05

checkpoint_flush_after = 0

max_wal_senders = 5

random_page_cost = 1.0

parallel_tuple_cost = 0 parallel_setup_cost = 0

min_parallel_relation_size = 0

effective_cache_size = 300GB

force_parallel_mode = off

log_destination = 'csvlog'

logging_collector = on

log_truncate_on_rotation = on

log_checkpoints = on

log_connections = on

log_disconnections = on

log_error_verbosity = verbose

log_timezone = 'PRC'

autovacuum = on

log_autovacuum_min_duration = 0

autovacuum_max_workers = 16

autovacuum_naptime = 15s autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.02

autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.01

vacuum_freeze_table_age = 1500000000

vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 1500000000

datestyle = 'iso, mdy'

timezone = 'PRC' lc_messages = 'C'

lc_monetary = 'C'

lc_numeric = 'C'

lc_time = 'C'

default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'

shared_preload_libraries='pg_stat_statements'

配置pg_hba.conf

避免不必要的访问，开放允许的访问，建议务必使用密码访问。

$ vi pg_hba.conf

host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5

启动数据库

pg_ctl start

好了，你的PostgreSQL数据库基本上部署好了，可以愉快的玩耍了。

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