[操作系统]Linux内核学习笔记(6)
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2018-09-10 21:00:42
Linux 中采用了两种不同的优先级范围,一种是 nice 值,一种是实时优先级。在上一篇粗略的说了一下 nice 值和实时优先级,仍有不少疑问,本文来详细说明一下进程优先级。linux 内核版本为 linux 2.6.34 。
进程优先级的相关信息,存放在进程描述符 task_struct 中:struct task_struct { ... int prio, static_prio, normal_prio; unsigned int rt_priority; ...}
可以看到,有四种进程优先级: prio、static_prio、normal_prio 和 rt_priority,它们的具体定义在 kernel/sched.c 中,在介绍这四种优先级之前,先介绍一下以下宏定义:/* linux-kernel 2.6.34 /include/linux/sched.h *//* * Priority of a process goes from 0..MAX_PRIO-1, valid RT * priority is 0..MAX_RT_PRIO-1, and SCHED_NORMAL/SCHED_BATCH * tasks are in the range MAX_RT_PRIO..MAX_PRIO-1. Priority * values are inverted: lower p->prio value means higher priority. * * The MAX_USER_RT_PRIO value allows the actual maximum * RT priority to be separate from the value exported to * user-space. This allows kernel threads to set their * priority to a value higher than any user task. Note: * MAX_RT_PRIO must not be smaller than MAX_USER_RT_PRIO. */#define MAX_USER_RT_PRIO 100#define MAX_RT_PRIO MAX_USER_RT_PRIO#define MAX_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO + 40)#define DEFAULT_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO + 20) // 默认优先级,对应 nice 值为 0 的静态优先级
1、prio 动态优先级
prio 的值是调度器最终使用的优先级数值,即调度器选择一个进程时实际选择的值。prio 值越小,表明进程的优先级越高。prio 值的取值范围是 0 ~ MAX_PRIO,即 0 ~ 139(包括 0 和 139),根据调度策略的不同,又可以分为两个区间,其中区间 0 ~ 99 的属于实时进程,区间 100 ~139 的为非实时进程。用语言不好描述,我们通过内核代码来详细描述 prio:/* linux-kernel 2.6.34 /kernel/sched.c */#include "sched_idletask.c"#include "sched_fair.c"#include "sched_rt.c"#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG#include "sched_debug.c"#endif/* * __normal_prio - return the priority that is based on the static prio */static inline int __normal_prio(struct task_struct *p) // _normal_prio 函数,返回静态优先级值{ return p->static_prio;}/* * Calculate the expected normal priority: i.e. priority * without taking RT-inheritance into account. Might be * boosted by interactivity modifiers. Changes upon fork, * setprio syscalls, and whenever the interactivity * estimator recalculates. */static inline int normal_prio(struct task_struct *p) // normal_prio 函数{ int prio; if (task_has_rt_policy(p)) // task_has_rt_policy 函数,判断进程是否为实时进程,若为实时进程,则返回1,否则返回0 prio = MAX_RT_PRIO-1 - p->rt_priority; // 进程为实时进程,prio 值为实时优先级值做相关运算得到: prio = MAX_RT_PRIO -1 - p->rt_priority else prio = __normal_prio(p); // 进程为非实时进程,则 prio 值为静态优先级值,即 prio = p->static_prio return prio;}/* * Calculate the current priority, i.e. the priority * taken into account by the scheduler. This value might * be boosted by RT tasks, or might be boosted by * interactivity modifiers. Will be RT if the task got * RT-boosted. If not then it returns p->normal_prio. */static int effective_prio(struct task_struct *p) // effective_prio 函数,计算进程的有效优先级,即prio值,这个值是最终调度器所使用的优先级值{ p->normal_prio = normal_prio(p); // 计算 normal_prio 的值 /* * If we are RT tasks or we were boosted to RT priority, * keep the priority unchanged. Otherwise, update priority * to the normal priority: */ if (!rt_prio(p->prio)) return p->normal_prio; // 若进程是非实时进程,则返回 normal_prio 值,这时的 normal_prio = static_prio return p->prio; // 否则,返回值不变,依然为 prio 值,此时 prio = MAX_RT_PRIO -1 - p->rt_priority} /*********************** 函数 set_user_nice ****************************************/void set_user_nice(struct task_struct *p, long nice){ .... p->prio = effective_prio(p); // 在函数 set_user_nice 中,调用 effective_prio 函数来设置进程的 prio 值 ....}
从上面代码中我们知道,当进程为实时进程时, prio 的值由实时优先级值(rt_priority)计算得来;当进程为非实时进程时,prio 的值由静态优先级值(static_prio)得来。即:
prio = MAX_RT_PRIO - 1 - rt_priority // 进程为实时进程
prio = static_prio // 进程为非实时进程
简单计算上面的两个式子,可以知道,prio 值的范围是 0 ~ 139 。
2、static_prio 静态优先级
静态优先级不会随时间改变,内核不会主动修改它,只能通过系统调用 nice 去修改 static_prio,如下:/* * Convert user-nice values [ -20 ... 0 ... 19 ] * to static priority [ MAX_RT_PRIO..MAX_PRIO-1 ], * and back. */#define NICE_TO_PRIO(nice) (MAX_RT_PRIO + (nice) + 20)#define PRIO_TO_NICE(prio) ((prio) - MAX_RT_PRIO - 20)#define TASK_NICE(p) PRIO_TO_NICE((p)->static_prio)/* * 'User priority' is the nice value converted to something we * can work with better when scaling various scheduler parameters, * it's a [ 0 ... 39 ] range. */#define USER_PRIO(p) ((p)-MAX_RT_PRIO)#define TASK_USER_PRIO(p) USER_PRIO((p)->static_prio)#define MAX_USER_PRIO (USER_PRIO(MAX_PRIO))/********************* 函数 set_user_nice *****************************/p->static_prio = NICE_TO_PRIO(nice); // 当有需要时,系统会通过调用 NICE_TO_PRIO() 来修改 static_prio 的值
由上面代码知道,我们可以通过调用 NICE_TO_PRIO(nice) 来修改 static_prio 的值, static_prio 值的计算方法如下:
static_prio = MAX_RT_PRIO + nice +20
MAX_RT_PRIO 的值为100,nice 的范围是 -20 ~ +19,故 static_prio 值的范围是 100 ~ 139。 static_prio 的值越小,表明进程的静态优先级越高。
3、normal_prio 归一化优先级
normal_prio 的值取决于静态优先级和调度策略,可以通过 _setscheduler 函数来设置 normal_prio 的值 。对于非实时进程,normal_prio 的值就等于静态优先级值 static_prio;对于实时进程,normal_prio = MAX_RT_PRIO-1 - p->rt_priority。代码如下:static inline int normal_prio(struct task_struct *p) // normal_prio 函数{ int prio; if (task_has_rt_policy(p)) // task_has_rt_policy 函数,判断进程是否为实时进程,若为实时进程,则返回1,否则返回0 prio = MAX_RT_PRIO-1 - p->rt_priority; // 进程为实时进程,prio 值为实时优先级值做相关运算得到: prio = MAX_RT_PRIO -1 - p->rt_priority else prio = __normal_prio(p); // 进程为非实时进程,则 prio 值为静态优先级值,即 prio = p->static_prio return prio;}
4、rt_priority 实时优先级
rt_priority 值的范围是 0 ~ 99,只对实时进程有效。由式子:
prio = MAX_RT_PRIO-1 - p->rt_priority;
知道,rt_priority 值越大,则 prio 值越小,故 实时优先级(rt_priority)的值越大,意味着进程优先级越高。
rt_priority 的值也是取决于调度策略的,可以在 _setscheduler 函数中对 rt_priority 值进行设置。
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