java语法 and or_C++、Java语法差异对照表

C++、Java语法差异对照表

C++ and Java Syntax Differences Cheat Sheet

First, two big things--the main function and how to compile it, followed by lots of little differences.

main function  主函数

C++

// free-floating function

int main( int argc, char* argv[])

{

printf( "Hello, world" );

}

Java

// every function must be part of a class; the main function for a particular

// class file is invoked when java is run (so you can have one

// main function per class--useful for writing unit tests for a class)

class HelloWorld

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

System.out.println( "Hello, World" );

}

}

Compiling编译与执行过程

C++

// compile as

g++ foo.cc -o outfile

// run with

./outfile

Java

// compile classes in foo.java to .class

javac foo.java

// run by invoking static main method in

java

Comments 注释

Same in both languages (// and /* */ both work)

Class declarations 类的声明

Almost the same, but Java does not require a semicolon

C++

class Bar {};

Java

class Bar {}

Method declarations  方法的声明

Same, except that in Java, must always be part of a class, and may prefix with public/private/protected

Constructors and destructors  构造函数与析构函数

Constructor has same syntax in both (name of the class), Java has no exact equivalent of the destructor

Static member functions and variables 静态函数和变量

Same as method declarations, but Java provides static initialization blocks to initialize static variables (instead of putting a definition in a source code file):

class Foo

{

static private int x;

// static initialization block

{ x = 5; }

}

Scoping static methods and namespaces  静态方法作用域、命名空间

C++

If you have a class and wish to refer to a static method, you use the form Class::method.

class MyClass

{

public:

static doStuff();

};

// now it's used like this

MyClass::doStuff();

Java

All scoping in Java uses the . again, just like accessing fields of a class, so it's a bit more regular:

class MyClass

{

public static doStuff()

{

// do stuff

}

}

// now it's used like this

MyClass.doStuff();

Object declarations  对象声明

C++

// on the stack

myClass x;

// or on the heap

myClass *x = new myClass;

Java

// always allocated on the heap (also, always need parens for constructor)

myClass x = new myClass();

Accessing fields of objects  访问对象域

C++

If you're using a stack-based object, you access its fields with a dot:

myClass x;

x.my_field; // ok

But you use the arrow operator (->) to access fields of a class when working with a pointer:

myClass x = new MyClass;

x->my_field; // ok

Java

You always work with references (which are similar to pointers--see the next section), so you always use a dot:

myClass x = new MyClass();

x.my_field; // ok

References vs. pointers  引用与指针

C++

// references are immutable, use pointers for more flexibility

int bar = 7, qux = 6;

int& foo = bar;

Java

// references are mutable and store addresses only to objects; there are

// no raw pointers

myClass x;

x.foo(); // error, x is a null ``pointer''

// note that you always use . to access a field

Inheritance  继承

C++

class Foo : public Bar

{ ... };

Java

class Foo extends Bar

{ ... }

Protection levels (abstraction barriers) 保护级别(抽象屏障)

关于抽象的一个形象的隐喻(- - !)，把抽象比喻成竖起一道屏障。

C++

public:

void foo();

void bar();

Java

public void foo();

public void bar();

Virtual functions 虚函数

C++

virtual int foo(); // or, non-virtually as simply int foo();

Java

// functions are virtual by default; use final to prevent overriding

int foo(); // or, final int foo();

Abstract classes 抽象类

C++

// just need to include a pure virtual function

class Bar { public: virtual void foo() = 0; };

Java

// syntax allows you to be explicit!

abstract class Bar { public abstract void foo(); }

// or you might even want to specify an interface

interface Bar { public void foo(); }

// and later, have a class implement the interface:

class Chocolate implements Bar

{

public void foo() { /* do something */ }

}

Memory management 内存管理

Roughly the same--new allocates, but no delete in Java since it has garbage collection.

NULL vs. null

C++

// initialize pointer to NULL

int *x = NULL;

Java

// the compiler will catch the use of uninitialized references, but if you

// need to initialize a reference so it's known to be invalid, assign null

myClass x = null;

Booleans 布尔值

Java is a bit more verbose(冗长的): you must write boolean instead of merely bool.

C++

bool foo;

Java

boolean foo;

Const-ness(常量性)

C++

const int x = 7;

Java

final int x = 7;

Throw Spec 异常检测

First, Java enforce throw specs at compile time--you must document if your method can throw an exception

C++

int foo() throw (IOException)

Java

int foo() throws IOException

Arrays 数组

C++

int x[10];

// or

int *x = new x[10];

// use x, then reclaim memory

delete[] x;

Java

int[] x = new int[10];

// use x, memory reclaimed by the garbage collector or returned to the

// system at the end of the program's lifetime

Collections and Iteration 集合类与迭代

C++

Iterators are members of classes. The start of a range is .begin(), and the end is .end(). Advance using ++ operator, and access using *.

vector myVec;

for ( vector::iterator itr = myVec.begin();

itr != myVec.end();

++itr )

{

cout << *itr;

}

Java

Iterator is just an interface. The start of the range is .iterator, and you check to see if you're at the end with itr.hasNext(). You get the next element using itr.next() (a combination of using ++ and * in C++).

ArrayList myArrayList = new ArrayList();

Iterator itr = myArrayList.iterator();

while ( itr.hasNext() )

{

System.out.println( itr.next() );

}

// or, in Java 5

ArrayList myArrayList = new ArrayList();

for( Object o : myArrayList ) {

System.out.println( o );

}