oracle几大约束,oracle 约束(constraint)的几个参数的小研究（转载）

在做ocp的047试卷242题时查询的

首先搞清下几个概念：

ORACLE中，约束分deferred 跟 immediate 2种：

deferred:如果 Oracle 在事务提交(commit)时才对约束执行检查，则称此约束是延迟的(deferred)。如果数据违反了延迟约束，提交操作将导致事务被回滚(undo)。

immediate:如果约束是即时的(immediate)(非延迟的)，则此约束将在语句执行结束后进行检查。如果数据违反了延迟约束，语句将被立即回滚。

一般情况下，我们用的约束初始都是immediate型的(默认)，而且不好转为deferred型。但是如果初始是deferrable(需要手动指定),那deferred跟immediate 2种状态可以随意转换。

此外，约束有以下4种状态：

ENABLE(启用)确保所有输入的数据都遵从约束(constraint)

DISABLE(禁用)总是允许输入数据，无论数据是否遵从约束

VALIDATE(验证)确保已存在的数据遵从约束

NOVALIDATE(无验证)允许已存在的数据不遵从约束

ENABLE VALIDATE 与 ENABLE 相同。Oracle 将检查约束，并保证所有数据均遵从约束。

ENABLE NOVALIDATE 表示所有新插入或被修改的数据都必须遵从约束，但允许已存在的数据不遵从约束。

DISABLE NOVALIDATE 与 DISABLE 相同。Oracle 不会检查约束.

DISABLE VALIDATE 将禁用约束，移除约束使用的索引，并禁止修改约束键的数据。

约束不论哪种类型，要能够生效，必须状态是enable才行。

--deferred 跟 immediate的对比试验-----------------------------

SQL> drop table aa purge;

Table dropped.

SQL> create table aa ( id number,name varchar2(20),constraint pk primary key(id));

Table created.

SQL> col constraint_name for a11

SQL> select CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME ,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,validated from u

ser_constraints where table_name='AA';

CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS   DEFERRABLE     DEFERRED VALIDATED

----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------

PK          P AA    ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED

--可以看到，默认的是NOT DEFERRABLE，下面我们将它转为immediate试试

SQL> set constraint pk immediate;

set constraint pk immediate

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02447: cannot defer a constraint that is not deferrable

--增加一个uk，指定deferrable initially immidiate|deferred

SQL> alter table aa add constraint uk unique (name) deferrable initially immediate;

Table altered.

SQL> select CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME ,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,validated from u

ser_constraints where table_name='AA';

CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS   DEFERRABLE     DEFERRED VALIDATED

----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------

PK          P AA    ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED

UK          U AA    ENABLED DEFERRABLE     IMMEDIATE VALIDATED

SQL> select * from aa;

no rows selected

SQL> insert into aa values(1,'SDF');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into aa values(2,'SDF');

insert into aa values(2,'SDF')

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00001: unique constraint (LYN.UK) violated

SQL> set constraints uk deferred;

Constraint set.

SQL> select * from aa;

no rows selected

SQL> insert into aa values(1,'SDF');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into aa values(2,'SDF');

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

commit

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02091: transaction rolled back

ORA-00001: unique constraint (LYN.UK) violated

此外，可以在SESSION里设定所有约束是立即检查(immediate)还是延迟检查(deferred)，当然，这只影响初始时指定可延迟的(deferrable)约束。

SQL> alter session set constraint=immediate;

Session altered.

SQL> alter session set constraints=deferred;

Session altered.

--4种状态对比-----------------

SQL> drop table aa purge;

Table dropped.

SQL> create table aa(id number primary key);

Table created.

--enable validate(默认)

SQL> select CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME ,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,validated from

user_constraints where table_name='AA';

CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS   DEFERRABLE     DEFERRED VALIDATED

----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------

SYS_C002829 P AA    ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;

1 row created.

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;

insert into aa select 2010 from dual

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00001: unique constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) violated

--disable novalidate

SQL> alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable;

Table altered.

SQL> select CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME ,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,validated from

user_constraints where table_name='AA';

CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS   DEFERRABLE     DEFERRED VALIDATED

----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------

SYS_C002829 P AA    DISABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE NOT VALIDATED

SQL> select * from aa;

ID

----------

2010

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;

1 row created.

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

--disable validate

SQL> alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate;

alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02437: cannot validate (LYN.SYS_C002829) - primary key violated

SQL> select * from aa;

ID

----------

2010

2010

2010

SQL> delete aa where rownum<3;

2 rows deleted.

SQL> select rownum,id from aa;

ROWNUM         ID

---------- ----------

1       2010

SQL> alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate;

Table altered.

SQL> update aa set id=2012;

update aa set id=2012

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-25128: No insert/update/delete on table with constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) disabled and validated

SQL> insert into aa select 2012 from dual;

insert into aa select 2012 from dual

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-25128: No insert/update/delete on table with constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) disabled and validated

SQL> delete from aa;

delete from aa

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-25128: No insert/update/delete on table with constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) disabled and validated

SQL> truncate table aa;

truncate table aa

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-25128: No insert/update/delete on table with constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) disabled and validated

--enable novalidate

SQL> alter table aa enable novalidate constraint SYS_C002829;

Table altered.

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;

insert into aa select 2010 from dual

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00001: unique constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) violated