《设计模式》13.观察者模式（行为型）

对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系，当一个对象的状态发生改变时，所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。

应用场景：

1. 广播监听 (Event / Listener / Status)

推模式（Push）
Observable主动向Observer推送消息，不管对方是否需要。

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Boss {
    private String name;
    private List<Employee> employees;
    public Boss(String name) {
        this.name = name;
        employees = new ArrayList<>(0);
    }

    public void employ(Employee employee) {
        if (!employees.contains(employee)) {
            employees.add(employee);
            System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " employ: " + employee.getName());
        }
    }

    public void fire(Employee employee) {
        if (employees.contains(employee)) {
            employees.remove(employee);
            System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " fire: " + employee.getName());
        }
    }

    public void assignTask(String task) {
        System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " assign task: " + task);
        for (Employee employee : employees) {
        	//仅把任务内容传给Employee
            employee.handleTask(task);
        }
    }
}

public class Employee {
    private String name;
    public Employee(String name, Boss boss) {
        this.name = name;
        boss.employ(this);
    }

    public void handleTask(String task) {
        System.out.println("[Employee] " + name + " handle task: " + task);
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
}

public class PushObserverTester {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Boss boss = new Boss("Tomas");

        Employee bill = new Employee("Bill", boss);
        Employee george = new Employee("George", boss);
        Employee william = new Employee("William", boss);

        boss.assignTask("print document");

        Employee donald = new Employee("Donald", boss);

        boss.assignTask("make ppt");

        boss.fire(george);

        boss.assignTask("join meeting");
    }
}

拉模式（Pull）
在通知Observer时只传递少量信息，如果观察者需要更具体的信息，再由Observer主动去拉取数据。通常是将Observable自身通过update方法传入到Observer。

public class Boss {
    private String name;
    private List<Employee> employees;
    private String task;
    public Boss(String name) {
        this.name = name;
        employees = new ArrayList<>(0);
    }

    public void employ(Employee employee) {
        if (!employees.contains(employee)) {
            employees.add(employee);
            System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " employ: " + employee.getName());
        }
    }

    public void fire(Employee employee) {
        if (employees.contains(employee)) {
            employees.remove(employee);
            System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " fire: " + employee.getName());
        }
    }

    public void assignTask(String task) {
    	//记录任务供后期调用
        this.task = task;
        System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " assign task: " + task);
        for (Employee employee : employees) {
        	//把Boss引用传给Employee
            employee.handleTask(this);
        }
        this.task = null;
    }

    public String getTask() {
        return task;
    }
}

public class Employee {
    private String name;
    public Employee(String name, Boss boss) {
        this.name = name;
        boss.employ(this);
    }

    public void handleTask(Boss boss) {
        System.out.println("[Employee] " + name + " handle task: " + boss.getTask());
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
}

public class PullObserverTester {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Boss boss = new Boss("Tomas");

        Employee bill = new Employee("Bill", boss);
        Employee george = new Employee("George", boss);
        Employee william = new Employee("William", boss);

        boss.assignTask("print document");

        Employee donald = new Employee("Donald", boss);

        boss.assignTask("make ppt");

        boss.fire(george);

        boss.assignTask("join meeting");
    }
}

JDK实现：Observable 和 Observer
推拉模式混合实现，根据 args 是否为 null 可采用不同的模式获取信息：

1. 如果 args == null，仅为拉模式
2. 否则，推模式和拉模式可任意使用

import java.util.Observable;

public class Boss extends Observable {
    private String name;
    private String task;
    public Boss(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public void employ(Employee employee) {
        addObserver(employee);
        System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " employ: " + employee.getName());
    }

    public void fire(Employee employee) {
        deleteObserver(employee);
        System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " fire: " + employee.getName());
    }

    public void assignTask(String task) {
        this.task = task;
        setChanged();
        System.out.println("[Boss] " + name + " assign task: " + task);
        notifyObservers(task);
        clearChanged();
    }

    public String getTask() {
        return task;
    }
}

import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;

public class Employee implements Observer {
    private String name;
    public Employee(String name, Boss boss) {
        this.name = name;
        boss.employ(this);
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    @Override
    public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
        System.out.println("(push) [Employee] " + name + " handle task: " + arg);

        Boss boss = (Boss) o;
        System.out.println("(pull) [Employee] " + name + " handle task: " + boss.getTask());
    }
}

public class JdkObserverTester {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Boss boss = new Boss("Tomas");

        Employee bill = new Employee("Bill", boss);
        Employee george = new Employee("George", boss);
        Employee william = new Employee("William", boss);

        boss.assignTask("print document");

        Employee donald = new Employee("Donald", boss);

        boss.assignTask("make ppt");

        boss.fire(george);

        boss.assignTask("join meeting");
    }
}

java.util.Observer

public interface Observer {
    void update(Observable o, Object arg);
}

java.util.Observable（核心实现）

public class Observable {
    private boolean changed = false;//状态改变标志
    private Vector<Observer> obs;//观察者列表
    
    public Observable() {
        obs = new Vector<>();
    }
    
    //增加观察者
    public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
        if (o == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (!obs.contains(o)) {
            obs.addElement(o);
        }
    }
    
    //移除观察者
	public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
        obs.removeElement(o);
    }
    
    //通知观察者（拉模式：Pull）
    public void notifyObservers() {
        notifyObservers(null);
    }
    
    //如果 arg == null，仅为拉模式
    //否则，推模式和拉模式可任意使用
    public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
        Object[] arrLocal;

        synchronized (this) {
            if (!changed)
                return;
            arrLocal = obs.toArray();
            clearChanged();
        }
		
		//将推送内容和目标对象（Observable）引用都传递给Observer
        for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
            ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
    }
    
    //标识当前状态为：已变更
    protected synchronized void setChanged() {
        changed = true;
    }
    
    //清除变更状态
	protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
        changed = false;
    }

	//判定当前状态标识是否为：已变更
	public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
        return changed;
    }
}

参考：
https://www.jianshu.com/p/9a8bae159ab2
http://www.runoob.com/design-pattern/observer-pattern.html