effective c++条款总结（7）

1. operator new在内存不足时会调用new-handling函数。operator new如果有返回值就返指针指向的内存，否则抛出bad_alloc异常，即当new-handling函数的指针是null时，operator new才会抛出异常。

template<typename T>
class NewHandlerSupport {
public:
	static std::new_handler set_new_handler(std::new_hadler p) throw();
	static void* operator new(std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc);
	...
private:
	static std::new_hadler currentHandler;
};
template<typename T>
std::new_handler NewHandlerSupport<T>::set_new_handler(std::new_handler p) throw(){
	std::new_handler oldHandler = currentHandler;
	currentHandler = p;
	return oldHandler;
}
template<typename T>
void* NewHandlerSupport<T>::operator new(std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc){
	NewHandlerHolder h(std::set_new_handler(currentHandler));
	return ::operator new(size);
}
template<typename T>
std::new_handler NewHandlerSupport<T>::currentHandler = 0;

c++规定中，即使客户申请0bytes，operator new也返回一个合法的指针，视为1byte。

2. operator new内含一个无穷循环，并尝试分配内存，如果无法满足内存需求，就调用new-handler，同时也需要有能力处理0bytes。

// 非成员函数
void operator delete(void* rawMemory) throw(){
	if(rawMemory == 0) return; // 如果被删除的是null指针，就直接返回，不做任何操作
}
// 成员函数
class Base{
public:
	static void* operator new(std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc);
	static void operator delete(void* rawMemory, std::size_t size) throw();
	...
};
void Base::operator delete(void* rawMenory, std::size_t size) throw(){
	if(rawMemory == 0) return;
	if(size != sizeof(Base)){
		::operator delete(rawMemory); // 如果大小不一致，使用标准版本
		return;
	}
	return;
}

3. 当使用placement operator new时，也要同时对应placement operator delete，同时不要无意识地掩盖它们的正确版本。

class Standard New Delete Forms{
public:
	// normal new/delete
	static void* operator new(std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc){
		return ::operator new(size);
	}
	static void operator delete(void* pMemory) throw(){
		::operator delete(pMemory);
	}
	//placement new/delete
	static void* operator new(std::size_t size, void* ptr) throw(){
		return ::operator new(size, ptr);
	}
	static void operator delete(void* pMemory, void* ptr) throw(){
		::operator delete(pMemory, ptr);
	}
	//nothrow new/delete
	static void* operator new(std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t& nt) throw(){
		return ::operator new(size, nt);
	}
	static void operator delete(void* pMemory, const std::nothrow_t& nt) throw(){
		::operator delete(pMemory, nt);
	}
}

class Widget : public StandardNewDeleteForms{
public:
	using StandardNewDeleteForms::operator new;
	using StandardNewDeleteForms::operator delete;
	static void* operator new(std::size_t size, std::ostream& logStream) throw(std::bad_alloc);
	static void operator delete(void* pMemory, std::ostream& logStream) throw();
};