Go基础编程:Go语言介绍

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Go语言是什么

2009年11月10日,Go语言正式成为开源编程语言家庭的一员。

Go语言(或称Golang)是云计算时代的C语言。Go语言的诞生是为了让程序员有更高的生产效率,Go语言专门针对多处理器系统应用程序的编程进行了优化,使用Go编译的程序可以媲美C或C++代码的速度,而且更加安全、支持并行进程。

开发人员在为项目选择语言时,不得不在快速开发和性能之间做出选择。C和C++这类语言提供了很快的执行速度,而 Ruby 和 Python 这类语言则擅长快速开发。Go语言在这两者间架起了桥梁,不仅提供了高性能的语言,同时也让开发更快速。

Go语言优势

  • 可直接编译成机器码,不依赖其他库,glibc的版本有一定要求,部署就是扔一个文件上去就完成了。
  • 静态类型语言,但是有动态语言的感觉,静态类型的语言就是可以在编译的时候检查出来隐藏的大多数问题,动态语言的感觉就是有很多的包可以使用,写起来的效率很高。
  • 语言层面支持并发,这个就是Go最大的特色,天生的支持并发。Go就是基因里面支持的并发,可以充分的利用多核,很容易的使用并发。
  • 内置runtime,支持垃圾回收,这属于动态语言的特性之一吧,虽然目前来说GC不算完美,但是足以应付我们所能遇到的大多数情况,特别是Go1.1之后的GC。
  • 简单易学,Go语言的作者都有C的基因,那么Go自然而然就有了C的基因,那么Go关键字是25个,但是表达能力很强大,几乎支持大多数你在其他语言见过的特性:继承、重载、对象等。
  • 丰富的标准库,Go目前已经内置了大量的库,特别是网络库非常强大。
  • 内置强大的工具,Go语言里面内置了很多工具链,最好的应该是gofmt工具,自动化格式化代码,能够让团队review变得如此的简单,代码格式一模一样,想不一样都很困难。
  • 跨平台编译,如果你写的Go代码不包含cgo,那么就可以做到window系统编译linux的应用,如何做到的呢?Go引用了plan9的代码,这就是不依赖系统的信息。
  • 内嵌C支持,Go里面也可以直接包含C代码,利用现有的丰富的C库。

Go适合用来做什么

  • 服务器编程,以前你如果使用C或者C++做的那些事情,用Go来做很合适,例如处理日志、数据打包、虚拟机处理、文件系统等。
  • 分布式系统,数据库代理器等。
  • 网络编程,这一块目前应用最广,包括Web应用、API应用、下载应用。
  • 内存数据库,如google开发的groupcache,couchbase的部分组建。
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go语言系统编程,是英文版, What this book covers Chapter 1, Getting started with Go and Unix Systems Programming, starts by defining what systems programming is before talking about the advantages and the disadvantages of Go, the features of Go version 1.8, two handy Go tools named gofmt and godoc, as well as the various states of Unix processes. Chapter 2, Writing Programs in Go, helps you learn how to compile Go code and how to use the environment variables that Go supports, and understand how Go reads the command line arguments of a program. Then, we will talk about getting user input and output, which are fundamental tasks, show you how to define functions in Go, where the defer keyword is mentioned for the first time in this book and continue by discussing the data structures that Go offers using handy code examples. In the remaining sections of the chapter, we will discuss Go interfaces and random number generation. I am sure that you are going to enjoy this chapter! Chapter 3, Advanced Go Features, goes deeper and starts talking about some advanced Go features, including error handling, which is critical when developing systems software and error logging. Then it introduces you to pattern matching and regular expressions, Go Reflection, and talks about unsafe code. After that, it compares Go to other programming languages and presents two utilities, named dtrace(1) and strace(1), that allow you to see what happens behind the scenes when you execute a program. Lastly, it talks about how you can use the go tool to detect unreachable code and how to avoid some common Go mistakes. Chapter 4, Go Packages, Algorithms, and Data Structures, talks about algorithms and sorting in Go and about the sort.Slice() function, which requires Go version 1.8 or newer. Then it shows Go implementations of a linked list, a binary tree and a hash table. After that, it discusses Go packages and teaches you how to create and use your own Go packages. The last part of the chapter discusses Garbage collection in Go. Chapter 5, Files and Directories, is the first chapter of this book that deals with a systems programming topic, which is the handling of files, symbolic links, and directories. In this chapter, you will find Go implementations of the core functionality of Unix tools such as which(1), pwd(1), and find(1), but first you will learn how to use the flag package in order to parse the command-line arguments and options of a Go program. Additionally, you will learn how to delete, rename, and move files as well as how to traverse directory structures the Go way. The last part of this chapter implements a utility that creates a copy of all the directories of a directory structure! Chapter 6, File Input and Output, shows you how to read the contents of a file, how to change them, and how to write your own data to files! In this chapter, you will learn about the io package, the io.Writer and io.Reader interfaces, and the bufio package that is used for buffered input and output. You will also create Go versions of the cp(1), wc(1), and dd(1) utilities. Lastly, you will learn about sparse files, how to create sparse files in Go, how to read and write records from files, and how to lock files in Go. Chapter 7, Working with System Files, teaches you how to deal with Unix system files, which includes writing data to Unix log files, appending data to existing files, and altering the data of text files. In this chapter, you will also learn about the log and log/syslog standard Go packages, about Unix file permissions, and take your pattern matching and regular expressions knowledge even further using practical examples. You will also learn about finding the user ID of a user as well as the Unix groups a user belongs to. Lastly, you will discover how to work with dates and times in Go using the time package and how to create and rotate log files on your own. Chapter 8, Processes and Signals, begins by discussing the handling of Unix signals in Go with the help of the os/signal package by presenting three Go programs. Then it shows a Go program that can rotate its log files using signals and signal handling and another Go program that uses signals to present the progress of a file copy operation. This chapter will also teach you how to plot data in Go and how to implement Unix pipes in Go. Then it will implement the cat(1) utility in Go before briefly presenting the Go code of a Unix socket client. The last section of the chapter quickly discusses how you can program a Unix shell in Go. Chapter 9, Goroutines – Basic Features, discusses a very important Go topic, which is goroutines, by talking about how you can create goroutines and how you can synchronize them and wait for them to finish before ending a program. Then it talks about channels and pipelines, which help goroutines communicate and exchange data in a safe way. The last part of the chapter presents a version of the wc(1) utility that is implemented using goroutines. However, as goroutines is a big subject, the next chapter will continue talking about them. Chapter 10, Goroutines – Advanced Features, talks about more advanced topics related to goroutines and channels, including buffered channels, signal channels, nil channels, channels of channels, timeouts, and the select keyword. Then it discusses issues related to shared memory and mutexes before presenting two more Go versions of the wc(1) utility that use channels and shared memory. Lastly, this chapter will talk about race conditions and the GOMAXPROCS environment variable. Chapter 11, Writing Web Applications in Go, talks about developing web applications and web servers and clients in Go. Additionally, it talks about communicating with MongoDB and MySQL databases using Go code. Then, it illustrates how to use the html/template package, which is part of the Go standard library and allows you to generate HTML output using Go HTML template files. Lastly, it talks about reading and writing JSON data before presenting a utility that reads a number of web pages and returns the number of times a given keyword was found in those web pages. Chapter 12, Network Programming, discusses topics related to TCP/IP and its protocols using the net Go standard package. It shows you how to create TCP and UDP clients and servers, how to perform various types of DNS lookups, and how to use Wireshark to inspect network traffic. Additionally, it talks about developing RPC clients and servers in Go as well as developing a Unix socket server and a Unix socket client. As you will see, at the end of each chapter there are some exercises for you to do in order to gain more information about important Go packages and write your own Go programs. Please, try to do all the exercises of this book
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