初学Python常见异常错误

最新推荐文章于 2023-04-18 06:50:28 发布

邓旭东HIT

最新推荐文章于 2023-04-18 06:50:28 发布

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初学Python常见错误

忘记写冒号
误用=
错误缩紧
变量没有定义
中英文输入法导致的错误
不同数据类型的拼接
索引位置问题
使用字典中不存在的键
忘了括号
漏传参数
缺失依赖库
使用了python中对关键词
编码问题

1. 忘记写冒号

在 if、elif、else、for、while、def语句后面忘记添加 :

age = 42	
if age == 42	
    print('Hello!')

  File "<ipython-input-19-4303141d6f97>", line 2	
    if age == 42	
                ^	
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

2. 误用 `=`

= 是赋值操作，而判断两个值是否相等是 ==

gender = '男'	
if gender = '男':	
    print('Man')

  File "<ipython-input-20-191d01f95984>", line 2	
    if gender = '男':	
              ^	
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

3. 错误的缩进

Python用缩进区分代码块，常见的错误用法：

print('Hello!')	
 print('Howdy!')

  File "<ipython-input-9-784bdb6e1df5>", line 2	
    print('Howdy!')	
    ^	
IndentationError: unexpected indent

num = 25	
if num == 25:	
print('Hello!')

  File "<ipython-input-21-8e4debcdf119>", line 3	
    print('Hello!')	
        ^	
IndentationError: expected an indented block

4. 变量没有定义

if city in ['New York', 'Bei Jing', 'Tokyo']:	
    print('This is a mega city')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-22-a81fd2e7a0fd> in <module>	
----> 1 if city in ['New York', 'Bei Jing', 'Tokyo']:	
      2     print('This is a mega city')

NameError: name 'city' is not defined

5. 中英文输入法导致的错误

英文冒号
英文括号
英文逗号
英文单双引号

if 5>3：	
    print('5比3大')

  File "<ipython-input-46-47f8b985b82d>", line 1	
    if 5>3：	
          ^	
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier

if 5>3:	
    print('5比3大'）

  File "<ipython-input-47-4b1df4694a8d>", line 2	
    print('5比3大'）	
                ^	
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier

spam = [1, 2，3]

  File "<ipython-input-45-47a5de07f212>", line 1	
    spam = [1, 2，3]	
                 ^	
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier

if 5>3:	
    print('5比3大‘)

  File "<ipython-input-48-ae599f12badb>", line 2	
    print('5比3大‘)	
                 ^	
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal

6. 不同数据类型的拼接

字符串/列表/元组 支持拼接

字典/集合不支持拼接

'I have ' + 12 + ' eggs.'	
#'I have {} eggs.'.format(12)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-29-20c7c89a2ec6> in <module>	
----> 1 'I have ' + 12 + ' eggs.'

TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

['a', 'b', 'c']+'def'

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-31-0e8919333d6b> in <module>	
----> 1 ['a', 'b', 'c']+'def'

TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to list

('a', 'b', 'c')+['a', 'b', 'c']

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-33-90742621216d> in <module>	
----> 1 ('a', 'b', 'c')+['a', 'b', 'c']

TypeError: can only concatenate tuple (not "list") to tuple

set(['a', 'b', 'c'])+set(['d', 'e'])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-35-ddf5fb1e6c8c> in <module>	
----> 1 set(['a', 'b', 'c'])+set(['d', 'e'])

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'set' and 'set'

grades1 = {'Mary':99, 'Henry':77}	
grades2 = {'David':88, 'Unique':89}	
grades1+grades2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-36-1b1456844331> in <module>	
      2 grades2 = {'David':88, 'Unique':89}	
      3 	
----> 4 grades1+grades2

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'dict' and 'dict'

7. 索引位置问题

spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'mouse']	
print(spam[5])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-38-e0a79346266d> in <module>	
      1 spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'mouse']	
----> 2 print(spam[5])

IndexError: list index out of range

8. 使用字典中不存在的键

在字典对象中访问 key 可以使用 []，

但是如果该 key 不存在，就会导致：KeyError: 'zebra'

spam = {'cat': 'Zophie', 	
        'dog': 'Basil', 	
        'mouse': 'Whiskers'}	
print(spam['zebra'])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-39-92c9b44ff034> in <module>	
      3         'mouse': 'Whiskers'}	
      4 	
----> 5 print(spam['zebra'])

KeyError: 'zebra'

为了避免这种情况，可以使用 get 方法

spam = {'cat': 'Zophie', 	
        'dog': 'Basil', 	
        'mouse': 'Whiskers'}	
print(spam.get('zebra'))

None

key 不存在时，get 默认返回 None

9. 忘了括号

当函数中传入的是函数或者方法时，容易漏写括号

spam = {'cat': 'Zophie', 	
        'dog': 'Basil', 	
        'mouse': 'Whiskers'}	
print(spam.get('zebra')

  File "<ipython-input-43-100a51a7b630>", line 5	
    print(spam.get('zebra')	
                           ^	
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing

10. 漏传参数

def diyadd(x, y, z):	
    return x+y+z	
diyadd(1, 2)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------	
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)	
<ipython-input-44-7184f3f906ca> in <module>	
      2     return x+y+z	
      3 	
----> 4 diyadd(1, 2)

TypeError: diyadd() missing 1 required positional argument: 'z'

11. 缺失依赖库

电脑中没有相关的库

12. 使用了python中的关键词

如try、except、def、class、object、None、True、False等

try = 5	
print(try)

  File "<ipython-input-1-508e87fe2ff3>", line 1	
    try = 5	
        ^	
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

def = 6	
print(6)

  File "<ipython-input-2-d04205303265>", line 1	
    def = 6	
        ^	
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

13. 文件编码问题

import pandas as pd	
df = pd.read_csv('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv')	
df.head()

尝试encoding编码参数传入utf-8、gbk

df = pd.read_csv('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv', encoding='utf-8')	
df.head()

都报错说明编码不是utf-8和gbk，而是不常见都编码，这里我们需要传入正确都encoding，才能让程序运行。

python有个chardet库，专门用来侦测编码。

import chardet	
binary_data = open('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv', 'rb').read()	
chardet.detect(binary_data)

{'encoding': 'Windows-1252', 'confidence': 0.7291192008535122, 'language': ''}