执行一个异步任务你还只是new Thread吗?
那你就out了,new Thread有很多的弊端:
a. 每次new Thread新建对象性能差。
b. 线程缺乏统一管理,可能无限制新建线程,相互之间竞争,及可能占用过多系统资源导致死机或oom。
c. 缺乏更多功能,如定时执行、定期执行、线程中断。
让我们来看看Java提供的线程池的使用方法:
Java通过Executors提供四种线程池,分别为:
- newCachedThreadPool创建一个可缓存线程池,如果线程池长度超过处理需要,可灵活回收空闲线程,若无可回收,则新建线程。
ExecutorService cachePool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
源码:
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
可以看出,这种方式创建的都是非核心线程,而且最大线程数为Interge的最大值,空闲线程存活时间是1分钟。如果有大量耗时的任务,则不适该创建方式, 它只适用于生命周期短的任务。
- newFixedThreadPool 创建一个定长线程池,可控制线程最大并发数,超出的线程会在队列中等待。
ExecutorService fixedPool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
源码:
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
可以看出它创建一个定长线程池,可控制线程最大并发数,超出的线程会在队列中等待。
- newScheduledThreadPool 创建一个定长线程池,支持定时及周期性任务执行。
ExecutorService scheduledPool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(5);
源码:
public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize) {
super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
new DelayedWorkQueue());
}
她会创建一个定长线程池,支持定时及周期性任务执行
- newSingleThreadExecutor 创建一个单线程化的线程池,它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务,保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行。
ExecutorService singlePool = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
源码:
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}
创建一个单线程化的线程池,它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务,保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行
相比new Thread,Java的Executors提供的四种线程池的好处在于:
a. 重用存在的线程,减少对象创建、消亡的开销,性能佳。
b. 可有效控制最大并发线程数,提高系统资源的使用率,同时避免过多资源竞争,避免堵塞。
c. 提供定时执行、定期执行、单线程、并发数控制等功能。
从上面的源码来看,其实四种创建方式底层都是使用了ThreadPoolExecutor()来实现的,我们来深入了解一下这个方法.
ThreadPoolExecutor
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
参数:
- corePoolSize : 核心线程数,一旦创建将不会再释放。如果创建的线程数还没有达到指定的核心线程数量,将会继续创建新的核心线程,直到达到最大核心线程数后,核心线程数将不在增加;如果没有空闲的核心线程,同时又未达到最大线程数,则将继续创建非核心线程;如果核心线程数等于最大线程数,则当核心线程都处于激活状态时,任务将被挂起,等待空闲线程来执行。
- maximumPoolSize : 最大线程数,允许创建的最大线程数量。如果最大线程数等于核心线程数,则无法创建非核心线程;如果非核心线程处于空闲时,超过设置的空闲时间,则将被回收,释放占用的资源。
- keepAliveTime : 也就是当线程空闲时,所允许保存的最大时间,超过这个时间,线程将被释放销毁,但只针对于非核心线程。
- unit : 时间单位,TimeUnit.SECONDS等。
- workQueue : 任务队列,存储暂时无法执行的任务,等待空闲线程来执行任务。
- threadFactory : 线程工程,用于创建线程。
- handler : 当线程边界和队列容量已经达到最大时,用于处理阻塞时的程序
ThreadPoolExecutor 有四个构造方法,实际上我们一般常用第一个构造方法,它默认指定AbortPolicy ()为拒绝策略:
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
}
创建自定义的ThreadPoolExecutor
private ExecutorService pool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(5, 10,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(512), Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),
new ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy());
创建一个5核心线程,10个最大线程,最大空闲时间一分钟 的线程池.
四种拒绝策略:
拒绝任务:拒绝任务是指当线程池里面的线程数量达到 maximumPoolSize 且 workQueue 队列已满的情况下被尝试添加进来的任务。
ThreadPoolExecutor有四个静态内部类 用来处理被拒绝的任务:(即拒绝策略),如不在构造方法中指定,则默认为AbortPolicy ()
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that runs the rejected task
* directly in the calling thread of the {@code execute} method,
* unless the executor has been shut down, in which case the task
* is discarded.
*/
public static class CallerRunsPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a {@code CallerRunsPolicy}.
*/
public CallerRunsPolicy() { }
/**
* Executes task r in the caller's thread, unless the executor
* has been shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
if (!e.isShutdown()) {
r.run();
}
}
}
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that throws a
* {@code RejectedExecutionException}.
*/
public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates an {@code AbortPolicy}.
*/
public AbortPolicy() { }
/**
* Always throws RejectedExecutionException.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
* @throws RejectedExecutionException always
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
throw new RejectedExecutionException("Task " + r.toString() +
" rejected from " +
e.toString());
}
}
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that silently discards the
* rejected task.
*/
public static class DiscardPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a {@code DiscardPolicy}.
*/
public DiscardPolicy() { }
/**
* Does nothing, which has the effect of discarding task r.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
}
}
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that discards the oldest unhandled
* request and then retries {@code execute}, unless the executor
* is shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
*/
public static class DiscardOldestPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a {@code DiscardOldestPolicy} for the given executor.
*/
public DiscardOldestPolicy() { }
/**
* Obtains and ignores the next task that the executor
* would otherwise execute, if one is immediately available,
* and then retries execution of task r, unless the executor
* is shut down, in which case task r is instead discarded.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
if (!e.isShutdown()) {
e.getQueue().poll();
e.execute(r);
}
}
}
四种策略的解释:
1. CallerRunsPolicy :这个策略重试添加当前的任务,他会自动重复调用 execute() 方法,直到成功。
2. AbortPolicy :对拒绝任务抛弃处理,并且抛出异常,这也是最简单的一种方法。
3. DiscardPolicy :对拒绝任务直接无声抛弃,没有异常信息。
4. DiscardOldestPolicy :对拒绝任务不抛弃,而是抛弃队列里面等待最久的一个线程,然后把拒绝任务加到队列。
这四种策略是独立无关的,是对任务拒绝处理的四中表现形式。最简单的方式就是直接丢弃任务。但是却有两种方式,到底是该丢弃哪一个任务,比如可以丢弃当前将要加入队列的任务本身(DiscardPolicy)或者丢弃任务队列中最旧任务(DiscardOldestPolicy)。除了丢弃任务还可以直接抛出一个异常(RejectedExecutionException),这是比较简单的方式, 抛出异常的方式(AbortPolicy)尽管实现方式比较简单,但是由于抛出一个RuntimeException,因此会中断调用者的处理过程。除了抛出异常以外还可以不进入线程池执行,在这种方式(CallerRunsPolicy)中任务将由调用者线程去(主线程)执行,这个策略会强制中断主线程进行执行这个任务,所以在使用时需谨慎处理(慎用).