Hibernate编程指南-模型驱动、主键映射、关系映射

模型驱动

可以通过模型驱动实现快速开发，所谓模型驱动是指先开发模型类和映射文件，数据库表结构由此生成；此外还有数据驱动，是指根据数据库表结构生成模型类和映射文件。模型类是实体类的另一种叫法。Hibernate允许调用SchemaExport/SchemaUpdate将根据实体类映射关系将DDL语句输出到控制台、数据库、文件系统等。

StandardServiceRegistry serviceRegistry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder()
  .configure()
  .build();
Metadata metadata = new MetadataSources(serviceRegistry).buildMetadata();
SchemaExport schemaExport = new SchemaExport();
//设置schemaExport
...
schemaExport.create(EnumSet.of(输出类型), metadata);

以上的输出类型分为：数据库、文件系统、标准控制台。其中在输出到文件系统的时候需要用户设置输出的文件路径。

schemaExport.setOutputFile("/Users/admin/IdeaProjects/20200430/HibernateORM/export.sql");
schemaExport.create(EnumSet.of(TargetType.SCRIPT), metadata);

当输出到标准控制台的时候，用户可以设置输出格式

schemaExport.setFormat(true);
schemaExport.create(EnumSet.of(TargetType.STDOUT), metadata);

当用户指定类型是数据库的时候则输出脚本到数据库

schemaExport.create(EnumSet.of(TargetType.DATABASE), metadata);

用户可以调用drop方法清除数据库中的表

schemaExport.drop(EnumSet.of(TargetType.DATABASE), metadata);

Hibernate允许调用SchemaUpdate将根据实体类映射关系将DDL语句数据库，如果数据库中已经存在表则修改该表，如果表不存在则创建该表

SchemaUpdate schemaUpdate = new SchemaUpdate();
schemaUpdate.setFormat(true);
schemaUpdate.execute(EnumSet.of(TargetType.DATABASE), metadata);

主键映射

Hibernate提供了基于不同数据库的主键自动生成策略，主要有assigned、uuid、increment、

identity、sequence、seqhilo以及native的实现策略。下面我们分别研究一下Hibernate主键的生成策略。

assigned

由应用程序给主键赋值，例如将用户名作为主键时，用户名应当由程序指定而非数据库。如果在保存实体类的时候，用户不去设置id主键，则系统忽略保存行为。

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="assigned"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

</class>

uuid

由hibernate生成一个uuid值作为主键,主键类型是字符类型，长度必须为32

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略,必须是字符串 -->
    <generator class="assigned"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />
  
</class>

increment

在现有记录的id最大值基础上加1作为下一条新增记录的主键值，因为会有并发问题，只适合测试。

 <class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
        <id name="id" column="id">
            <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
            <generator class="increment"></generator>
        </id>

        <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
        <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
        <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
        <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

</class>

identity

必须配合支持自增长列的数据库使用，如： MS SQL Server、MySQL等

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="identity"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

</class>

sequence

使用序列生成主键，一般配合支持序列的数据库使用，如：Oracle、DB2、PostgreSql等

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="sequence">
      <param name="sequence">user_seq</param>
    </generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

</class>

seqhilo

使用序列生成高位值，hibernate生成低位值。由于减少的查询序列的次数，性能较直接使用sequence主键生成方式高,一般配合支持序列的数据库使用，如：Oracle、DB2、PostgreSql等。使用序列生成高位值，hibernate生成低位值。高低位计算伪代码：

if(lo > max_lo ) {
  lastSequenceValue= 从数据库获取
  lo = 0;
  hi = lastSequenceValue * ( max_lo + 1 );
}
id = hi + lo++ ;

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="seqhilo">
      <param name="sequence">t_user_seq</param>
      <param name="max_lo">10</param>
    </generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />
</class>

native

由Hibernate根据底层数据库自行判断采用identity、hilo、sequence其中一种作为主键生成方式。

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="native"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

</class>

foreign

使用另外一个相关联的对象的主键作为该对象主键。主要用于一对一关系中。

<class name="com.baizhi.IdCard" table="t_cart" catalog="baizhi">
  <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="foreign">
      <param name="property">user</param>
    </generator>
  </id>
  <property name="cardNo" column="card_no" type="string" length="128"/>

  <one-to-one name="user" class="User"  constrained="true"  />
</class>

关系映射

关联映射通常是最难正确实现的事情。在本节中，我们将逐一检查一些典型案例，首先是单向映射，然后是双向案例。在传统的数据建模中，可空外键不被认为是一种好习惯，因此我们的示例未使用可空外键。这不是Hibernate的要求，如果您删除了可空性约束，则映射将起作用。

单向关联

Many-to-one

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
        <id name="id" column="id">
            <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
            <generator class="native"></generator>
        </id>

        <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
        <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
        <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
        <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />
  
</class>

<class name="Order" table="t_order" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="uuid"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="cost" column="cost" type="double" />
  <property name="createTime" column="create_time" type="date" />

  <many-to-one name="user" column="user_id" foreign-key="user_id"/>
</class>

create table baizhi.t_order (id varchar(255) not null, name varchar(255), cost double precision, create_time date, user_id integer not null, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table baizhi.t_order add constraint user_id foreign key (user_id) references baizhi.t_user (id)

One-to-one

外键上的单向一对一关联几乎相同。唯一的区别是列唯一约束。

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="native"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />
  
  <many-to-one name="idCard" column="card_id" unique="true" not-null="true" />

</class>

<class name="com.baizhi.IdCard" table="t_cart" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="native"/>
  </id>
  <property name="cardNo" column="card_no" type="string" length="128"/>
</class>

create table baizhi.t_cart (id integer not null auto_increment, card_no varchar(128), primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, card_id integer not null, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table baizhi.t_user add constraint UK_qnoc8aliry5wdc6glg35gw9m8 unique (card_id)
alter table baizhi.t_user add constraint FK1f3yefcrkfl681hx0dihhkjfu foreign key (card_id) references baizhi.t_cart (id)

主键上的单向一对一关联通常使用特殊的id生成器，但是在此示例中，我们使用了共享主键方式。

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="native"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

</class>

<class name="com.baizhi.IdCard" table="t_cart" catalog="baizhi">
  <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="foreign">
      <param name="property">user</param>
    </generator>

  </id>
  <property name="cardNo" column="card_no" type="string" length="128"/>
  
  <one-to-one name="user"  constrained="true"   />
</class>

create table baizhi.t_cart (id integer not null, card_no varchar(128), primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table baizhi.t_cart add constraint FK54i7bflxomtnplgv015ii66r1 foreign key (id) references baizhi.t_user (id)

One-to-many

外键上的单向一对多关联是一种不常见的情况，因此不建议这样做。

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="native"></generator>
  </id>
  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />
  <set name="orders" >
    <key column="user_id"/>
    <one-to-many class="Order"  />
  </set>
</class>

<class name="Order" table="t_order" catalog="baizhi">

  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="uuid"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="cost" column="cost" type="double" />
  <property name="createTime" column="create_time" type="date" />

</class>

create table baizhi.t_order (id varchar(255) not null, name varchar(255), cost double precision, create_time date, user_id integer, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table baizhi.t_order add constraint FKho2r4qgj3txpy8964fnla95ub foreign key (user_id) references baizhi.t_user (id)

单向关联-JoinTable

Many-to-one

当关联表是可选的时，联接表上的单向多对一关联是常见的。例如：

<class name="Order" table="t_order" catalog="baizhi">

        <id name="id" column="id">
            <generator class="uuid"></generator>
        </id>

        <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
        <property name="cost" column="cost" type="double" />
        <property name="createTime" column="create_time" type="date" />

        <join table="t_order_user">
            <key column="order_id" unique="true" ></key>
            <many-to-one name="user" column="user_id" not-null="true"></many-to-one>
        </join>
              
    </class>

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="native"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

</class>

create table baizhi.t_order (id varchar(255) not null, name varchar(255), cost double precision, create_time date, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table t_order_user (order_id varchar(255) not null, user_id integer not null, primary key (order_id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table t_order_user add constraint FKjvd2fh1hj6ka7pym3b7s2srup foreign key (order_id) references baizhi.t_order (id)
alter table t_order_user add constraint FKfrbe6oahvvlpchcbx4at7movp foreign key (user_id) references baizhi.t_user (id)

One-to-one

联接表上的单向一对一关联是可能的，但是非常少见。

 <class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
        <id name="id" column="id">
            <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
            <generator class="native"></generator>
        </id>

        <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
        <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
        <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
        <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

        <join table="t_user_card" optional="true">
            <key column="user_id" unique="true" not-null="true"/>
            <many-to-one name="idCard" column="card_id" unique="true" not-null="true"/>
        </join>
   
    </class>

<class name="com.baizhi.IdCard" table="t_cart" catalog="baizhi">
  <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="foreign">
      <param name="property">user</param>
    </generator>
  </id>
  
  <property name="cardNo" column="card_no" type="string" length="128"/>
</class>

create table baizhi.t_cart (id integer not null, card_no varchar(128), primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table t_user_card (user_id integer not null, card_id integer not null, primary key (user_id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table t_user_card add constraint UK_iy6k1jl628vvfx6r03jh2p2cl unique (card_id)
alter table t_user_card add constraint FKiut1yjvicgjsnf5s5wfi227pe foreign key (user_id) references baizhi.t_user (id)
alter table t_user_card add constraint FKe1g1so1y3w9ev3d55l1xqgxvt foreign key (card_id) references baizhi.t_cart (id)

One-to-many

联接表上的单向一对多关联是首选。指定unique =“ true”，将多重性从多对多更改为一对多。

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
        <id name="id" column="id">
            <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
            <generator class="native"></generator>
        </id>

        <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
        <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
        <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
        <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />
  
        <set name="orders" table="t_user_order">
            <key column="user_id"></key>
           <many-to-many column="order_id" unique="true" class="Order" />
        </set>
  
    </class>

<class name="Order" table="t_order" catalog="baizhi">

  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="uuid"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="cost" column="cost" type="double" />
  <property name="createTime" column="create_time" type="date" />
  
</class>

create table baizhi.t_order (id varchar(255) not null, name varchar(255), cost double precision, create_time date, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table t_user_order (user_id integer not null, order_id varchar(255) not null, primary key (user_id, order_id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table t_user_order add constraint UK_91yyb7t48vww46t0phj3a59nb unique (order_id)
alter table t_user_order add constraint FKnaawxjqatam4xa20uo0e3q7n3 foreign key (order_id) references baizhi.t_order (id)
alter table t_user_order add constraint FKtpjow4b909xk4i0yqwow67xe1 foreign key (user_id) references baizhi.t_user (id)

Many-to-many

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="native"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

  <set name="tags" table="t_user_tag">
    <key column="user_id"></key>
    <many-to-many column="tag_id" class="Tag" />
  </set>
  
</class>

<class name="com.baizhi.Tag" table="t_tag" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="native"/>
  </id>
  
  <property name="name" column="name" type="string" length="128"/>
</class>

create table baizhi.t_tag (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(128), primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table t_user_tag (user_id integer not null, tag_id integer not null, primary key (user_id, tag_id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table t_user_tag add constraint FK1eehkuwvoy0l06l6y8mg88uca foreign key (tag_id) references baizhi.t_tag (id)
alter table t_user_tag add constraint FKn4s08743ufgbccuf7odhx2eiu foreign key (user_id) references baizhi.t_user (id)

双向关联

Many-to-one/One to Many

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="native"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

  <set name="orders"  >
    <key column="user_id"/>
    <one-to-many class="Order"  />
  </set>
  
</class>

<class name="Order" table="t_order" catalog="baizhi">

  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="uuid"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="cost" column="cost" type="double" />
  <property name="createTime" column="create_time" type="date" />
  
  <many-to-one name="user" column="user_id" not-null="true" />
</class>

create table baizhi.t_order (id varchar(255) not null, name varchar(255), cost double precision, create_time date, user_id integer not null, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table baizhi.t_order add constraint FKho2r4qgj3txpy8964fnla95ub foreign key (user_id) references baizhi.t_user (id)

One-to-one

方案1：唯一外键

 <class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
        <id name="id" column="id">
            <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
            <generator class="native"></generator>
        </id>

        <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
        <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
        <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
        <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

        <many-to-one name="idCard" column="card_id" unique="true" not-null="true" />
</class>

<class name="com.baizhi.IdCard" table="t_cart" catalog="baizhi">
  <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="foreign">
      <param name="property">user</param>
    </generator>

  </id>
  <property name="cardNo" column="card_no" type="string" length="128"/>

  <one-to-one name="user" property-ref="idCard"/>
</class>

create table baizhi.t_cart (id integer not null, card_no varchar(128), primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, card_id integer not null, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table baizhi.t_user add constraint UK_qnoc8aliry5wdc6glg35gw9m8 unique (card_id)
alter table baizhi.t_user add constraint FK1f3yefcrkfl681hx0dihhkjfu foreign key (card_id) references baizhi.t_cart (id)

方案2：共享主键关联

 <class name="com.baizhi.IdCard" table="t_cart" catalog="baizhi">
        <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
        <id name="id" column="id">
            <generator class="foreign">
                <param name="property">user</param>
            </generator>

        </id>
        <property name="cardNo" column="card_no" type="string" length="128"/>

        <one-to-one name="user" constrained="true"   />
    </class>
</hibernate-map

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
        <id name="id" column="id">
            <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
            <generator class="native"></generator>
        </id>

        <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
        <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
        <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
        <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />
  
        <one-to-one name="idCard" />
  
    </class>

create table baizhi.t_cart (id integer not null, card_no varchar(128), primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table baizhi.t_cart add constraint FK54i7bflxomtnplgv015ii66r1 foreign key (id) references baizhi.t_user (id)

Many-to-many

<class name="com.baizhi.Tag" table="t_tag" catalog="baizhi">
  <!-- class下必须要有一个id的子元素，id是用于描述主键的 -->
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <generator class="native"/>

  </id>
  <property name="name" column="name" type="string" length="128"/>
  <set name="users" table="t_user_tag">
    <key column="tag_id"></key>
    <many-to-many column="user_id" class="User" />
  </set>
</class>

<class name="User" table="t_user" catalog="baizhi">
  <id name="id" column="id">
    <!-- 主键生成策略 -->
    <generator class="native"></generator>
  </id>

  <property name="name" column="name" length="255"/>
  <property name="age" column="age" type="int" length="8" />
  <property name="birthDay" column="birth_day" type="date" />
  <property name="salary" column="salary" type="double" />

  <set name="tags" table="t_user_tag">
    <key column="user_id"></key>
    <many-to-many column="tag_id" class="Tag" />
  </set>
</class>

create table baizhi.t_tag (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(128), primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table baizhi.t_user (id integer not null auto_increment, name varchar(255), age integer, birth_day date, salary double precision, primary key (id)) engine=InnoDB
create table t_user_tag (user_id integer not null, tag_id integer not null, primary key (tag_id, user_id)) engine=InnoDB
alter table t_user_tag add constraint FK1eehkuwvoy0l06l6y8mg88uca foreign key (tag_id) references baizhi.t_tag (id)
alter table t_user_tag add constraint FKn4s08743ufgbccuf7odhx2eiu foreign key (user_id) references baizhi.t_user (id)