SQL必知必会笔记

• MySQL数据类型DECIMAL(N,M)，N代表总长度，M代表小数部分长度

• 创建外键
  alter table orderitems（表） add constraint fk_orderitems_orders(外键的ID) foreign key (order_num) references orders(order_num);
  在创建表时绑定外键
  cust_id CHAR(10) reffrences customers(cust_id)

• DISTINCT选择不重复的值（不能部分使用）
  select distinct vend_id from products;

• offset 从第几行起
  select prod_name from products limit 5 offset 5
; #从第五行起选择5行 ## MYSQL 支持 limit 5，5简写

• or 跟 and 组合

  
  # 注意优先处理顺序 and优先 加括号
  
  mysql> select prod_name,prod_price
  -> from products
  -> where (vend_id='dll01' or vend_id='brs01')
  -> and prod_price >=10;

• IN
  指定条件范围。范围中的每个条件都可以匹配

 select prod_name，prod_price
 from products 
 where vend_id in ('dll01'，'brs01') #相当于 'dll01' or 'brs01'
 order by prod_name;

• NOT
  只有一个功能、否定其后所跟的任何条件

  select prod_name
  from products
  where not vend_id = 'dll01'
  order by prod_name;

• 通配符 # like ‘%bean bag%’

  • % 匹配0个、1个或多个字符（不能匹配NULL）
  • 下划线 _ 匹配单个字符

• 创建计算字段 field （有别于column）

  1. 拼接字段

# 用于大多数DBMS 
mysql> select vend_name + '(' vend_country + ')'
    -> from vendors;
# 用于MYSQL
mysql> select concat(vend_name , '(', vend_country , ')')
    -> from vendors;

1. 算术计算

mysql> select prod_id,
    -> quantity,
    -> item_price,
    -> quantity*item_price as expanded_price
    -> from orderitems;

• 函数
  
  • trim 去掉字符串两边空格
    ltrim 去掉字符串左边空格
    rtrim 去掉字符串右边空格 例子 trim(column)

#mysql 选择年份
 mysql> select order_num from orders
    -> where year(order_date) = 2012;

• 聚集函数

  • avg() 返回某列的平均值

  mysql> select avg(prod_price) as avg_price
  -> from products
  -> where vend_id = 'dll01';

  • . count() 获得某列的行数

    mysql>  select count(*) as num_cust
    -> from customers;
    
    #获得所有行数
    

  • max()/min()
    用于文本数据时。返回该列排序后最前面/最后面的行。

  • sum（）
    返回指定列的值的和

  mysql> select sum(item_price*quantity) as items_ordered
  -> from orderitems
  -> where order_num = 20005;

  • 组合聚焦函数

  mysql> select count(*) as num_items,
    -> min(prod_price) as price_min,
    -> max(prod_price) as price_max,
    -> avg(prod_price) as price_avg
    -> from products;

• 分组 group by

 mysql> select vend_id,count(*) as num_prods
    -> from products
    -> group by vend_id;

• 过滤分组 having

 mysql> select cust_id,count(*) as orders
    -> from orders
    -> group by cust_id
    -> having count(*) >=2;

• having 和 where 结合

 mysql> select vend_id, count(*) as num_prods
    -> from products
    -> where prod_price >=4
    -> group by vend_id
    -> having count(*) >=2;

• group by 和 order by 结合

 mysql> select order_num,count(*) as items
    -> from orderitems
    -> group by order_num
    -> having count(*)>=3
    -> order by items,order_num;
output+-----------+-------+
| order_num | items |
+-----------+-------+
|     20006 |     3 |
|     20009 |     3 |
|     20007 |     5 |
|     20008 |     5 |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set

• select 子句顺序
  SELECT–from–where–group by–having–order by

• 作为计算字段使用子查询

mysql> select cust_name,
    -> cust_state,
    -> (select count(*)
    -> from orders
    -> where orders.cust_id = customers.cust_id ) as orders
    -> from customers
    -> order by cust_name;

• 内部联结（两种写法）

 #1 简单写法
 mysql> select vend_name,prod_name,prod_price
    -> from vendors,products
    -> where vendors.vend_id = products.vend_id;
 #2 标准写法
 mysql> select vend_name,prod_name,prod_price
    -> from vendors inner join products
    -> on vendors.vend_id = products.vend_id;

# 多个表内联结
mysql> select cust_name,cust_contact
    -> from customers,orders,orderitems
    -> where customers.cust_id=orders.cust_id
    -> and orderitems.order_num = orders.order_num
    -> and prod_id = 'rgan01';    

• 使用带聚集函数的联结

 mysql> select customers.cust_id,
    -> count(orders.order_num) as num_ord
    -> from customers inner join orders
    -> on customers.cust_id = orders.cust_id
    -> group by customers.cust_id;

• union 组合查询
  
  • 在一个查询中从不同的表返回结构数据
  • 对一个表执行多个查询、按一个查询返回数据

mysql> select cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email
    -> from customers
    -> where cust_state in ('il','in','mi')
    -> union
    -> select cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email
    -> from customers
    -> where cust_name = 'fun4all';

• 复制数据到新表
  mysql> create table custcopy as select * from customers;
• 插入选择的数据

 mysql> insert into customers(cust_id,cust_contact,cust_email,cust_name) 
         select cust_id,cust_contact,cust_email,cust_name 
         from custornew;

• 更新数据

 mysql> update customers
    -> set cust_contact = 'sam roberts',
    -> cust_email = '410583828@qq.com'
    -> where cust_id = '1000000006';

• 删除数据
  mysql> delete from orders where order_num = '20005';

• 给表添加列
  mysql> ALTER table vendors add vend_phone char(20);
  给列添加主键
  alter table Vendors add constraint primary key (vend_id)

• 创建视图

 # 创建标题拼接视图
 mysql> create view vendorloca as
    -> select concat(rtrim(vend_name),'(',rtrim(vend_country),')') as vend_title
    -> from vendors;
# 筛选没有邮箱的客户
mysql> create view customeremail as
    -> select cust_id,cust_name,cust_email
    -> from customers
    -> where cust_email is not null;     

• 存储过程（类似批处理）
• 事务
  使用事务处理，通过确保成批的SQL操作要么完全执行，要么完全不执行，来维护数据库的完整性。

 START TRANSACTION
INSERT INTO customers(cust_id,cust_name)
values('1000000011','meng meizhe');
SAVEPOINT start1;
INSERT INTO orders(order_num,order_date,cust_id)
VALUES(20100,'2001/12/1','1000000011');
IF @@ERROR <> 0 ROLLBACK start1;
INSERT INTO orderitems(order_num,order_item,prod_id,quantity,item_price)
VALUES(20100,1,'BR01',100,5.49);
IF @@ERROR <> 0 ROLLBACK start1;
INSERT INTO orderitems(order_num,order_item,prod_id,quantity,item_price)
VALUES(20100,2,'BR03',100,10.49);
IF @@ERROR <> 0 ROLLBACK start1;
COMMIT TRANSACTION

• 游标
• 检查约束
  CHECK (quantity > 0)
ADD CONSTRAINT CHECK (gender LIKE '[MF]')
• 索引
  CREATE INDEX prod_name_ind ON PRODUCTS (prod_name);