虚继承

前一节的student示例程序看起来似乎已经解决了问题，但它存在着一些隐患。

首先，在TeachingStudent类的introduce（）方法里，我们不得不明确的告诉编译器应该使用哪一个属性

这对于classes属性来说是应该的，因为教一门课和上一门课有着本质的区别，而作为常识，助教教的课和他学的课不可能一样！

但是我们再深入考虑下，既然在TeachingStudent对象里可以继承两个不同的classes属性，那它是不是应该有两个不同的name属性呢？

答案：是！事实上，TeachingStudent还真可以有两个不同的名字，这肯定不是我们在设计这个类继承模型时所预期的，如下：
 

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Person
{
public:
	Person(std::string theName);

	void introduce();

protected:
	std::string name;
};

class Teacher : public Person
{
public:
	Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass);

	void teach();
	void introduce();

protected:
	std::string classes;
};

class Student : public Person
{
public:
	Student(std::string theName, std::string thcClass);

	void attendClass();
	void introduce();

protected:
	std::string classes;
};

class TeachingStudent : public Student, public Teacher
{
public:
	TeachingStudent(std::string theName1, std::string theName2, std::string classTeaching, std::string classAttending);

	void introduce();
};

Person::Person(std::string theName)
{
	name = theName;
}

void Person::introduce()
{
	std::cout << "大家好，我是" << name << std::endl;
}

Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
	classes = theClass;
}

void Teacher::teach()
{
	std::cout << name << "教" << classes << "。" << std::endl;
}

void Teacher::introduce()
{
	std::cout << "大家好，我是" << name << std::endl;
}

Student::Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
	classes = theClass;
}

void Student::attendClass()
{
	std::cout << name << "加入" << classes << "学习" << std::endl;
}

void Student::introduce()
{
	std::cout << "大家好，我是" << name << "，我在" << classes << "学习。" << std::endl;
}

TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName1, std::string theName2, std::string classTeaching, std::string classAttending) : Teacher(theName1, classTeaching), Student(theName2, classAttending)
{
}

void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
	std::cout << "大家好，我是" << Teacher::name << "，我教" << Teacher::classes << "，";
	std::cout << "同时我在" << Student::classes << "学习。" << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
	Teacher teacher("小甲鱼", "C++入门班");
	Student student("迷途羔羊", "C++入门班");
	TeachingStudent teachingStudent("丁丁", "丹丹", "C++入门班", "C++进阶版");

	teacher.introduce();
	teacher.teach();
	student.introduce();
	student.attendClass();
	teachingStudent.introduce();
	teachingStudent.attendClass();
	teachingStudent.teach();

	return 0;
}

TeachingStudent类继承自Teacher和Student两个类，因而继承了两组Person类的属性，这在某些时候完全有道理，例如classes属性。但它也有可能引起麻烦，例如发生在name属性上的情况。

---

C++发明者也想到了这部分的冲突，因此为此提供了一个功能可以解决这个问题：虚继承（virtual inheritance）

通过虚继承某个基类，就是在告诉编译器：从当前这个类再派生出来的子类只能拥有那个基类的一个实例。虚继承的语法：
 

class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
}

下面就是用了虚继承的结果

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Person
{
public:
	Person(std::string theName);

	void introduce();

protected:
	std::string name;
};

class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
public:
	Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass);

	void teach();
	void introduce();

protected:
	std::string classes;
};

class Student : virtual public Person
{
public:
	Student(std::string theName, std::string thcClass);

	void attendClass();
	void introduce();

protected:
	std::string classes;
};

class TeachingStudent : public Student, public Teacher
{
public:
	TeachingStudent(std::string theName, std::string classTeaching, std::string classAttending);

	void introduce();
};

Person::Person(std::string theName)
{
	name = theName;
}

void Person::introduce()
{
	std::cout << "大家好，我是" << name << std::endl;
}

Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
	classes = theClass;
}

void Teacher::teach()
{
	std::cout << name << "教" << classes << "。" << std::endl;
}

void Teacher::introduce()
{
	std::cout << "大家好，我是" << name << std::endl;
}

Student::Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
	classes = theClass;
}

void Student::attendClass()
{
	std::cout << name << "加入" << classes << "学习" << std::endl;
}

void Student::introduce()
{
	std::cout << "大家好，我是" << name << "，我在" << classes << "学习。" << std::endl;
}

TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName, std::string classTeaching, std::string classAttending) : Teacher(theName, classTeaching), Student(theName, classAttending), Person(theName)
{
}

void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
	std::cout << "大家好，我是" << name << "，我教" << Teacher::classes << "，";
	std::cout << "同时我在" << Student::classes << "学习。" << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
	Teacher teacher("小甲鱼", "C++入门班");
	Student student("迷途羔羊", "C++入门班");
	TeachingStudent teachingStudent("丁丁", "C++入门班", "C++进阶版");

	teacher.introduce();
	teacher.teach();
	student.introduce();
	student.attendClass();
	teachingStudent.introduce();
	teachingStudent.attendClass();
	teachingStudent.teach();

	return 0;
}