（十三）Linux内存管理之vma/malloc/mmap

1. 概述

这篇文章，让我们来看看用户态进程的地址空间情况，主要会包括以下：

• vma;
• malloc;
• mmap;

进程地址空间中，我们常见的代码段，数据段，bss段等，实际上都是一段地址空间区域。Linux将地址空间中的区域称为Virtual Memory Area， 简称VMA，使用struct vm_area_struct来描述。

在进行内存申请和映射时，都会去地址空间中申请一段虚拟地址区域，而这部分操作也与vma关系密切，因此本文将vma/malloc/mmap三个放到一块来进行分析。
开启探索之旅吧。

2. 数据结构

主要涉及两个结构体：struct mm_struct和struct vm_area_struct。

• struct mm_struct
  用于描述与进程地址空间有关的全部信息，这个结构也包含在进程描述符中，关键字段的描述见注释。

struct mm_struct {
	struct vm_area_struct *mmap;		/* list of VMAs */                              //指向VMA对象的链表头
	struct rb_root mm_rb;                                                                     //指向VMA对象的红黑树的根
	u64 vmacache_seqnum;                   /* per-thread vmacache */
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
	unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area) (struct file *filp,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
				unsigned long pgoff, unsigned long flags);              // 在进程地址空间中搜索有效线性地址区间的方法
#endif
	unsigned long mmap_base;		/* base of mmap area */
	unsigned long mmap_legacy_base;         /* base of mmap area in bottom-up allocations */
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_COMPAT_MMAP_BASES
	/* Base adresses for compatible mmap() */
	unsigned long mmap_compat_base;
	unsigned long mmap_compat_legacy_base;
#endif
	unsigned long task_size;		/* size of task vm space */
	unsigned long highest_vm_end;		/* highest vma end address */
	pgd_t * pgd;        //指向页全局目录

	/**
	 * @mm_users: The number of users including userspace.
	 *
	 * Use mmget()/mmget_not_zero()/mmput() to modify. When this drops
	 * to 0 (i.e. when the task exits and there are no other temporary
	 * reference holders), we also release a reference on @mm_count
	 * (which may then free the &struct mm_struct if @mm_count also
	 * drops to 0).
	 */
	atomic_t mm_users;      //使用计数器

	/**
	 * @mm_count: The number of references to &struct mm_struct
	 * (@mm_users count as 1).
	 *
	 * Use mmgrab()/mmdrop() to modify. When this drops to 0, the
	 * &struct mm_struct is freed.
	 */
	atomic_t mm_count;      //使用计数器

	atomic_long_t nr_ptes;			/* PTE page table pages */      //进程页表数
#if CONFIG_PGTABLE_LEVELS > 2
	atomic_long_t nr_pmds;			/* PMD page table pages */
#endif
	int map_count;				/* number of VMAs */        //VMA的个数

	spinlock_t page_table_lock;		/* Protects page tables and some counters */
	struct rw_semaphore mmap_sem;

	struct list_head mmlist;		/* List of maybe swapped mm's.	These are globally strung
						 * together off init_mm.mmlist, and are protected
						 * by mmlist_lock
						 */


	unsigned long hiwater_rss;	/* High-watermark of RSS usage */
	unsigned long hiwater_vm;	/* High-water virtual memory usage */

	unsigned long total_vm;		/* Total pages mapped */    //进程地址空间的页数
	unsigned long locked_vm;	/* Pages that have PG_mlocked set */    //锁住的页数，不能换出
	unsigned long pinned_vm;	/* Refcount permanently increased */
	unsigned long data_vm;		/* VM_WRITE & ~VM_SHARED & ~VM_STACK */     //数据段内存的页数
	unsigned long exec_vm;		/* VM_EXEC & ~VM_WRITE & ~VM_STACK */         //可执行内存映射的页数
	unsigned long stack_vm;		/* VM_STACK */                                              //用户态堆栈的页数
	unsigned long def_flags;
	unsigned long start_code, end_code, start_data, end_data;       //代码段，数据段等的地址
	unsigned long start_brk, brk, start_stack;      //堆栈段的地址，start_stack表示用户态堆栈的起始地址，brk为堆的当前最后地址
	unsigned long arg_start, arg_end, env_start, env_end;  //命令行参数的地址，环境变量的地址

	unsigned long saved_auxv[AT_VECTOR_SIZE]; /* for /proc/PID/auxv */

	/*
	 * Special counters, in some configurations protected by the
	 * page_table_lock, in other configurations by being atomic.
	 */
	struct mm_rss_stat rss_stat;

	struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;

	cpumask_var_t cpu_vm_mask_var;

	/* Architecture-specific MM context */
	mm_context_t context;

	unsigned long flags; /* Must use atomic bitops to access the bits */

	struct core_state *core_state; /* coredumping support */
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMBARRIER
	atomic_t membarrier_state;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AIO
	spinlock_t			ioctx_lock;
	struct kioctx_table __rcu	*ioctx_table;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
	/*
	 * "owner" points to a task that is regarded as the canonical
	 * user/owner of this mm. All of the following must be true in
	 * order for it to be changed:
	 *
	 * current == mm->owner
	 * current->mm != mm
	 * new_owner->mm == mm
	 * new_owner->alloc_lock is held
	 */
	struct task_struct __rcu *owner;
#endif
	struct user_namespace *user_ns;

	/* store ref to file /proc/<pid>/exe symlink points to */
	struct file __rcu *exe_file;
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU_NOTIFIER
	struct mmu_notifier_mm *mmu_notifier_mm;
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE) && !USE_SPLIT_PMD_PTLOCKS
	pgtable_t pmd_huge_pte; /* protected by page_table_lock */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUMASK_OFFSTACK
	struct cpumask cpumask_allocation;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
	/*
	 * numa_next_scan is the next time that the PTEs will be marked
	 * pte_numa. NUMA hinting faults will gather statistics and migrate
	 * pages to new nodes if necessary.
	 */
	unsigned long numa_next_scan;

	/* Restart point for scanning and setting pte_numa */
	unsigned long numa_scan_offset;

	/* numa_scan_seq prevents two threads setting pte_numa */
	int numa_scan_seq;
#endif
	/*
	 * An operation with batched TLB flushing is going on. Anything that
	 * can move process memory needs to flush the TLB when moving a
	 * PROT_NONE or PROT_NUMA mapped page.
	 */
	atomic_t tlb_flush_pending;
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_WANT_BATCHED_UNMAP_TLB_FLUSH
	/* See flush_tlb_batched_pending() */
	bool tlb_flush_batched;
#endif
	struct uprobes_state uprobes_state;
#ifdef CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
	atomic_long_t hugetlb_usage;
#endif
	struct work_struct async_put_work;

#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HMM)
	/* HMM needs to track a few things per mm */
	struct hmm *hmm;
#endif
} __randomize_layout;

• struct vm_area_struct
  用于描述进程地址空间中的一段虚拟区域，每一个VMA都对应一个struct vm_area_struct。

/*
 * This struct defines a memory VMM memory area. There is one of these
 * per VM-area/task.  A VM area is any part of the process virtual memory
 * space that has a special rule for the page-fault handlers (ie a shared
 * library, the executable area etc).
 */
struct vm_area_struct {
	/* The first cache line has the info for VMA tree walking. */

	unsigned long vm_start;		/* Our start address within vm_mm. */       //起始地址
	unsigned long vm_end;		/* The first byte after our end address
					   within vm_mm. */         //结束地址，区间中不包含结束地址

	/* linked list of VM areas per task, sorted by address */       //按起始地址排序的链表
	struct vm_area_struct *vm_next, *vm_prev;

	struct rb_node vm_rb;       //红黑树节点

	/*
	 * Largest free memory gap in bytes to the left of this VMA.
	 * Either between this VMA and vma->vm_prev, or between one of the
	 * VMAs below us in the VMA rbtree and its ->vm_prev. This helps
	 * get_unmapped_area find a free area of the right size.
	 */
	unsigned long rb_subtree_gap;

	/* Second cache line starts here. */

	struct mm_struct *vm_mm;	/* The address space we belong to. */
	pgprot_t vm_page_prot;		/* Access permissions of this VMA. */
	unsigned long vm_flags;		/* Flags, see mm.h. */

	/*
	 * For areas with an address space and backing store,
	 * linkage into the address_space->i_mmap interval tree.
	 */
	struct {
		struct rb_node rb;
		unsigned long rb_subtree_last;
	} shared;

	/*
	 * A file's MAP_PRIVATE vma can be in both i_mmap tree and anon_vma
	 * list, after a COW of one of the file pages.	A MAP_SHARED vma
	 * can only be in the i_mmap tree.  An anonymous MAP_PRIVATE, stack
	 * or brk vma (with NULL file) can only be in an anon_vma list.
	 */
	struct list_head anon_vma_chain; /* Serialized by mmap_sem &
					  * page_table_lock */
	struct anon_vma *anon_vma;	/* Serialized by page_table_lock */

	/* Function pointers to deal with this struct. */
	const struct vm_operations_struct *vm_ops;

	/* Information about our backing store: */
	unsigned long vm_pgoff;		/* Offset (within vm_file) in PAGE_SIZE
					   units */
	struct file * vm_file;		/* File we map to (can be NULL). */     //指向文件的一个打开实例
	void * vm_private_data;		/* was vm_pte (shared mem) */

	atomic_long_t swap_readahead_info;
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
	struct vm_region *vm_region;	/* NOMMU mapping region */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
	struct mempolicy *vm_policy;	/* NUMA policy for the VMA */
#endif
	struct vm_userfaultfd_ctx vm_userfaultfd_ctx;
} __randomize_layout;

关系图来了：

是不是有点眼熟？这个跟内核中的vmap机制很类似。

宏观的看一下进程地址空间中的各个VMA：

针对VMA的操作，有如下接口：

/*  VMA的查找 */
/* Look up the first VMA which satisfies  addr < vm_end,  NULL if none. */
extern struct vm_area_struct * find_vma(struct mm_struct * mm, unsigned long addr); //查找第一个满足addr < vm_end的VMA块
extern struct vm_area_struct * find_vma_prev(struct mm_struct * mm, unsigned long addr,
					     struct vm_area_struct **pprev); //与find_vma功能类似，不同之处在于还会返回VMA链接的前一个VMA；
 static inline struct vm_area_struct * find_vma_intersection(struct mm_struct * mm, unsigned long start_addr, unsigned long end_addr); //查找与start_addr~end_addr区域有交集的VMA
 
 /* VMA的插入 */
 extern int insert_vm_struct(struct mm_struct *, struct vm_area_struct *); //插入VMA到红黑树中和链表中
 
 /* VMA的合并 */
 extern struct vm_area_struct *vma_merge(struct mm_struct *,
	struct vm_area_struct *prev, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
	unsigned long vm_flags, struct anon_vma *, struct file *, pgoff_t,
	struct mempolicy *, struct vm_userfaultfd_ctx); //将VMA与附近的VMA进行融合操作
 
 /* VMA的拆分 */
 extern int split_vma(struct mm_struct *, struct vm_area_struct *,
	unsigned long addr, int new_below); //将VMA以addr为界线分成两个VMA

上述的操作基本上也就是针对红黑树的操作。

3. malloc

malloc大家都很熟悉，那么它是怎么与底层去交互并申请到内存的呢？

图来了：

如图所示，malloc最终会调到底层的sys_brk函数和sys_mmap函数，在分配小内存时调用sys_brk函数，动态的调整进程地址空间中的brk位置；在分配大块内存时，调用sys_mmap函数，在堆和栈之间找到一片区域进行映射处理。

先来看sys_brk函数，通过SYSCALL_DEFINE1来定义，整体的函数调用流程如下：

从函数的调用过程中可以看出有不少操作是针对vma的，那么结合起来的效果图如下：

整个过程看起来就比较清晰和简单了，每个进程都用struct mm_struct来描述自身的进程地址空间，这些空间都是一些vma区域，通过一个红黑树和链表来管理。因此针对malloc的处理，会去动态的调整brk的位置，具体的大小则由struct vm_area_struct结构中的vm_start ~ vm_end来指定。在实际过程中，会根据请求分配区域是否与现有vma重叠的情况来进行处理，或者重新申请一个vma来描述这段区域，并最终插入到红黑树和链表中。

完成这段申请后，只是开辟了一段区域，通常还不会立马分配物理内存，物理内存的分配会发生在访问时出现缺页异常后再处理，这个后续也会有文章来进一步分析。

4. mmap

mmap用于内存映射，也就是将一段区域映射到自己的进程地址空间中，分为两种：

• 文件映射： 将文件区域映射到进程空间，文件存放在存储设备上；
• 匿名映射：没有文件对应的区域映射，内容存放在物理内存上；

同时，针对其他进程是否可见，又分为两种：

• 私有映射：将数据源拷贝副本，不影响其他进程；
• 共享映射：共享的进程都能看到；

根据排列组合，就存在以下几种情况了：

1. 私有匿名映射： 通常分配大块内存时使用，堆，栈，bss段等；
2. 共享匿名映射：常用于父子进程间通信，在内存文件系统中创建/dev/zero设备；
3. 私有文件映射：常用的比如动态库加载，代码段，数据段等；
4. 共享文件映射：常用于进程间通信，文件读写等；

常见的prot权限和flags如下：

#define PROT_READ	0x1		/* page can be read */
#define PROT_WRITE	0x2		/* page can be written */
#define PROT_EXEC	0x4		/* page can be executed */
#define PROT_SEM	0x8		/* page may be used for atomic ops */
#define PROT_NONE	0x0		/* page can not be accessed */
#define PROT_GROWSDOWN	0x01000000	/* mprotect flag: extend change to start of growsdown vma */
#define PROT_GROWSUP	0x02000000	/* mprotect flag: extend change to end of growsup vma */

#define MAP_SHARED	0x01		/* Share changes */
#define MAP_PRIVATE	0x02		/* Changes are private */
#define MAP_TYPE	0x0f		/* Mask for type of mapping */
#define MAP_FIXED	0x10		/* Interpret addr exactly */
#define MAP_ANONYMOUS	0x20		/* don't use a file */

#define MAP_GROWSDOWN	0x0100		/* stack-like segment */
#define MAP_DENYWRITE	0x0800		/* ETXTBSY */
#define MAP_EXECUTABLE	0x1000		/* mark it as an executable */
#define MAP_LOCKED	0x2000		/* pages are locked */
#define MAP_NORESERVE	0x4000		/* don't check for reservations */
#define MAP_POPULATE	0x8000		/* populate (prefault) pagetables */
#define MAP_NONBLOCK	0x10000		/* do not block on IO */
#define MAP_STACK	0x20000		/* give out an address that is best suited for process/thread stacks */
#define MAP_HUGETLB	0x40000		/* create a huge page mapping */

mmap的操作，最终会调用到do_mmap函数，最后来一张调用图：