java_字符编码的发展历史

最早的当然是Ascii编码：0-32是给像打印机这样的外围设备。32-128是键盘上的字母和符号
中国发现不够，于是乎保留Ascii前一个字节的内容,后面加上了一个字节：GB2312
后来少数民族不够用了：GBK（GuoBiaoKuoZhan国标扩展）（关于Latin1编码）
每个国家都来搞太乱了，国际出现一套全球标准：UTF
中国文字全套：GB18030

抛砖引玉：
一个汉字在utf8编码下占3个字节，在GBK编码下占2个字节
一个字母在utf8编码下占1个字节，在GBK编码下占1个字节

这么算，utf8编码下1KB 约等于341个汉字，512个字母，1M 约等于 349,184个汉字 ，524,288个字母

public class CharMain {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        String a = "你";
        System.out.println("================" + a + "============");
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-8").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-16").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GBK").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB18030").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB2312").length);

        a = "s";
        System.out.println("================" + a + "============");
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-8").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-16").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GBK").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB18030").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB2312").length);

        a = "3";
        System.out.println("================" + a + "============");
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-8").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-16").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GBK").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB18030").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB2312").length);

        a = "!";
        System.out.println("================" + a + "============");
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-8").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-16").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GBK").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB18030").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB2312").length);

        a = "0x20001";
        System.out.println("================" + a + "============");
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-8").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("utf-16").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GBK").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB18030").length);
        System.out.println(a.getBytes("GB2312").length);
    }
}

结果：
================你============
3
4
2
2
2
================s============
1
4
1
1
1
================3============
1
4
1
1
1
================!============
1
4
1
1
1
================0x20001============
7
16 0x20001 ，x占4个字节 其他数字6个各占2个字节 4+2*6 = 16
7
7
7