08 Python 面向对象高级编程(OOP Advanced Features)
By Kevin Song
- 08-01 __slots__
- 08-02 @property
- 08-03 多重继承
- 08-04 定制类
- 08-05 枚举类
- 08-06 元类
08-01 __slots__
给对象绑定属性和方法
class Student(object):
pass
给对象绑定属性
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.name = 'Kevin' # 动态给实例绑定一个属性
>>> print(s.name)
Kevin
给对象绑定方法
>>> def set_age(self, age): # 定义一个函数作为实例方法
... self.age = age
...
>>> from types import MethodType
>>> s.set_age = MethodType(set_age, s) # 给实例绑定一个方法
>>> s.set_age(25) # 调用实例方法
>>> s.age # 测试结果
25
给实例绑定方法,对另一个实例不起作用
>>> s2 = Student() # 创建新的实例
>>> s2.set_age(25) # 尝试调用方法
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'set_age'
给class绑定方法,所有实例都可用
>>> def set_score(self, score):
... self.score = score
...
>>> Student.set_score = set_score
>>> s.set_score(100)
>>> s.score
100
>>> s2.set_score(99)
>>> s2.score
99
限制给对象绑定属性和方法
定义class的时候,定义一个特殊的 __slots__ 变量,来限制该class实例能添加的属性
class Student(object):
__slots__ = ('name', 'age') # 用tuple定义允许绑定的属性名称
只能绑定name和age
>>> s = Student() # 创建新的实例
>>> s.name = 'Michael' # 绑定属性'name'
>>> s.age = 25 # 绑定属性'age'
>>> s.score = 99 # 绑定属性'score'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'score'
注意: __slots__定义的属性仅对当前类实例起作用,对继承的子类不起作用
>>> class GraduateStudent(Student):
... pass
...
>>> g = GraduateStudent()
>>> g.score = 9999
08-02 @property
直接修改属性,因为可以直接修改,所以不符合逻辑
s = Student()
s.score = 9999
为了限制score范围,可以用 set_score() 方法设置成绩,用 get_score() 获取成绩
class Student(object):
def get_score(self):
return self._score
def set_score(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
if value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
self._score = value
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.set_score(60) # ok!
>>> s.get_score()
60
>>> s.set_score(9999)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!
上面的调用方法略显复杂,没有直接用属性这么直接简单,所以用 @property 装饰器把 方法 变成属性
class Student(object):
@property
def score(self):
return self._score
@score.setter
def score(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
if value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
self._score = value
- @property:把一个getter方法变成属性
- @score.setter:把一个setter方法变成属性
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.score = 60 # OK,实际转化为s.set_score(60)
>>> s.score # OK,实际转化为s.get_score()
60
>>> s.score = 9999
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!
还可以定义只读属性,只定义getter方法,不定义setter方法就是一个只读属性:
class Student(object):
@property
def birth(self):
return self._birth
@birth.setter
def birth(self, value):
self._birth = value
@property
def age(self):
return 2015 - self._birth
08-03 多重继承
class Animal(object):
pass
# 大类:
class Mammal(Animal):
pass
class Bird(Animal):
pass
# 各种动物:
class Dog(Mammal):
pass
class Bat(Mammal):
pass
class Parrot(Bird):
pass
class Ostrich(Bird):
pass
定义好Runnable和Flyable的类
class Runnable(object):
def run(self):
print('Running...')
class Flyable(object):
def fly(self):
print('Flying...')
给Dog加上Runnable,给Bat加上Flyable
class Dog(Mammal, Runnable):
pass
class Bat(Mammal, Flyable):
pass
MixIn
为了更好地看出继承关系:Runnable 和 Flyable 改为 RunnableMixIn 和 FlyableMixIn
class Dog(Mammal, RunnableMixIn, CarnivorousMixIn):
pass
08-04 定制类
输出自定义信息:__str__ 和 __repr__()
打印自定义信息:__str__
定义Student类,打印实例
>>> class Student(object):
... def __init__(self, name):
... self.name = name
...
>>> print(Student('Michael'))
<__main__.Student object at 0x109afb190>
用 __str__ 打印自定义实例信息
>>> class Student(object):
... def __init__(self, name):
... self.name = name
... def __str__(self):
... return 'Student object (name: %s)' % self.name
...
>>> print(Student('Michael'))
Student object (name: Michael)
直接显示变量自定义信息:__repr__()
>>> class Student(object):
... def __init__(self, name):
... self.name = name
... def __str__(self):
... return 'Student object (name: %s)' % self.name
... __repr__ = __str__
...
>>> s = Student('Michael')
>>> s
Student object (name: Michael)
__iter__
如果一个类想被用于for … in循环,类似list或tuple那样,就必须实现一个iter()方法,该方法返回一个迭代对象
for循环就会不断调用该迭代对象的next()方法拿到循环的下一个值,直到遇到StopIteration错误时退出循环
class Fib(object):
def __init__(self):
self.a, self.b = 0, 1 # 初始化两个计数器a,b
def __iter__(self):
return self # 实例本身就是迭代对象,故返回自己
def __next__(self):
self.a, self.b = self.b, self.a + self.b # 计算下一个值
if self.a > 100000: # 退出循环的条件
raise StopIteration()
return self.a # 返回下一个值
__getattr__
调用类的方法或属性时,如果不存在,就会报错
class Student(object):
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'Michael'
>>> s = Student()
>>> print(s.name)
Michael
>>> print(s.score)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'score'
要避免这个错误,写一个getattr()方法,动态返回一个属性
class Student(object):
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'Michael'
def __getattr__(self, attr):
if attr=='score':
return 99
当调用不存在的属性时,比如score,Python解释器会试图调用getattr(self, ‘score’)来尝试获得属性
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.name
'Michael'
>>> s.score
99
注意: 只有在没有找到属性的情况下,才调用getattr,已有的属性,比如name,不会在getattr中查找
返回函数也完全可以
class Student(object):
def __getattr__(self, attr):
if attr=='age':
return lambda: 25
>>> s.age()
25
__call__
直接对实例进行调用
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __call__(self):
print('My name is %s.' % self.name)
>>> s = Student('Kevin')
>>> s() # self参数不要传入
My name is Kevin.
判断一个对象是否能被调用(是否是Callable对象)
>>> callable(Student())
True
>>> callable(max)
True
>>> callable([1, 2, 3])
False
>>> callable(None)
False
>>> callable('str')
False
08-05 枚举类
用大写变量定义的常量任然是变量
JAN = 1
FEB = 2
MAR = 3
解决方案:Enum类(为这样的枚举类型定义一个class类型,然后,每个常量都是class的一个唯一实例)
from enum import Enum
Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
直接使用Month.Jan来引用一个常量
>>> Month.Jan
<Month.Jan: 1>
枚举所有成员
>>> for name, member in Month.__members__.items():
... print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)
...
Jan => Month.Jan , 1
Feb => Month.Feb , 2
Mar => Month.Mar , 3
Apr => Month.Apr , 4
May => Month.May , 5
Jun => Month.Jun , 6
Jul => Month.Jul , 7
Aug => Month.Aug , 8
Sep => Month.Sep , 9
Oct => Month.Oct , 10
Nov => Month.Nov , 11
Dec => Month.Dec , 12
>>>
更精确地控制枚举类型,可以从Enum派生出自定义类
from enum import Enum, unique
@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
Mon = 1
Tue = 2
Wed = 3
Thu = 4
Fri = 5
Sat = 6
@unique装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值
访问这些枚举类型可以有若干种方法
>>> day1 = Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1)
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(Weekday.Tue)
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday['Tue'])
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday.Tue.value)
2
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon)
True
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue)
False
>>> print(Weekday(1))
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1 == Weekday(1))
True
>>> Weekday(7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: 7 is not a valid Weekday
>>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():
... print(name, '=>', member)
...
Sun => Weekday.Sun
Mon => Weekday.Mon
Tue => Weekday.Tue
Wed => Weekday.Wed
Thu => Weekday.Thu
Fri => Weekday.Fri
Sat => Weekday.Sat
08-06 元类
type()
作用一: 查看一个类型或变量的类型
定义一个Hello的class
class Hello(object):
def hello(self, name='world'):
print('Hello, %s.' % name)
>>> from hello import Hello
>>> h = Hello()
>>> h.hello()
Hello, world.
>>> print(type(Hello))
<class 'type'>
>>> print(type(h))
<class 'hello.Hello'>
- Hello是一个class,它的类型就是type
- h是一个实例,它的类型就是class Hello
作用二: 创建一个class对象
- type()函数依次传入3个参数
- class的名称
- 继承的父类集合(Python支持多重继承,如果只有一个父类,需要用tuple的单元素写法)
- class的方法名称与函数绑定
>>> def fn(self, name='world'): # 先定义函数
... print('Hello, %s.' % name)
...
>>> Hello = type('Hello', (object,), dict(hello=fn)) # 创建Hello class
>>> h = Hello()
>>> h.hello()
Hello, world.
>>> print(type(Hello))
<class 'type'>
>>> print(type(h))
<class '__main__.Hello'>
元类(metaclass)
定义:类的类(类看做元类的实例)
作用:控制类的创建行为