一、定义
1、共享内存是由进程创建的一个特殊地址范围,它将出现在地址空间中,其他的进程可以将同一段共享内存连接到它们自己的地址空间宏,所有进程都可以访问共享内存中的地址,就好像是malloc分配一样,如果某个进程向共享内存写入了数据,所有的改动将立刻被可以访问同一段共享内存的任何其他进程看到
2、共享内存是多个进程之间共享和传递数据的有效方式,但它需要其他机制来同步对共享内存的访问
3、一般用法是用共享内存来提供对大块内存区域的有效访问,同时通过传递小消息来同步对该内存的访问
4、共享内存图示如下
二、共享内存函数
1、创建共享内存
2、共享内存的引用标识符连接到一个进程的地址空间
这样有权限的进程才能访问该共享内存
3、共享内存控制函数
4、共享内存分离
5、共享内存例子
此例子中我们是通过int written_by_you这个条件变量来进行进程同步的,它包括一直很浪费资源的忙等待(不停的循环),实际编程中可能通过信号、IPC消息队列来进行同步
//shm_com.h
/* A common header file to describe the shared memory we wish to pass about. */
#define TEXT_SZ 2048
struct shared_use_st {
int written_by_you;
char some_text[TEXT_SZ];
};
//shm1.c消费者
/* Our first program is a consumer. After the headers the shared memory segment
(the size of our shared memory structure) is created with a call to shmget,
with the IPC_CREAT bit specified. */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include "shm_com.h"
int main()
{
int running = 1;
void *shared_memory = (void *)0;
struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff;
int shmid;
srand((unsigned int)getpid()); //根据进程pid获取随机数
shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT);//获取共享内存,返回共享内存标识符,标志 IPC_CREAT起到即使传递的是一个已有内存段的键也不会返回错误
if (shmid == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* We now make the shared memory accessible to the program. */
shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0);//共享内存标志连接到系统分配((void *)0)的内存
if (shared_memory == (void *)-1) {
fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Memory attached at %X\n", (int)shared_memory);
/* The next portion of the program assigns the shared_memory segment to shared_stuff,
which then prints out any text in written_by_you. The loop continues until end is found
in written_by_you. The call to sleep forces the consumer to sit in its critical section,
which makes the producer wait. */
shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory;//共享内存指向定于的结构体
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;
while(running) {
if (shared_stuff->written_by_you) {
printf("You wrote: %s", shared_stuff->some_text);
sleep( rand() % 4 ); /* make the other process wait for us ! */
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;
if (strncmp(shared_stuff->some_text, "end", 3) == 0) {
running = 0;
}
}
}
/* Lastly, the shared memory is detached and then deleted. */
if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1) {//共享内存从进程中分离
fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "shmctl(IPC_RMID) failed\n");//、删除共享内存段
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
//shm2.c
/* The second program is the producer and allows us to enter data for consumers.
It's very similar to shm1.c and looks like this. */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include "shm_com.h"
int main()
{
int running = 1;
void *shared_memory = (void *)0;
struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff;
char buffer[BUFSIZ];
int shmid;
shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (shmid == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0);
if (shared_memory == (void *)-1) {
fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Memory attached at %X\n", (int)shared_memory);
shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory;
while(running) {
while(shared_stuff->written_by_you == 1) {
sleep(1);
printf("waiting for client...\n");
}
printf("Enter some text: ");
fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin);
strncpy(shared_stuff->some_text, buffer, TEXT_SZ);
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 1;
if (strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0) {
running = 0;
}
}
if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}