CCNA1复习

 CCNA1复习

Type ofnetwork devices
end devices （host）：   clients 客户机、servers 服务器	End devices originate the data that flows through the network 终端设备会发出通过网络传输的数据 End devices are the source or destination of the messages 终端设备是消息的源或目的地 They are the interface between humans and the network 它们是人与通信网络之间的界面
intermediary devices	Connect hosts (end devices) to the network 中间设备可以将单个主机连接到网络中 They direct the path of the data 中间设备可以引导数据路径

 

Types of Network Media
copper  电缆线 fiber-optic 光纤 wireless 无线	How far the medium can send a signal所选介质可以成功传送信号的距离 Environment where the selected medium is to be installed要安装所选介质的环境 Media costs and installation costs介质成本和安装成本

BANDWIDTH 带宽  is measured in Bits per second ：BANDWIDTH is a measure of the data carrying capacity of the media 带宽是对介质的传送数据能力的一种衡量标准

Type of Network
Peer to Peer	Client/Server
Easy to create 易于创建	Hard to create
Costs less Money 实施成本更少	Costs more Money
No central device is used for administration 缺少集中管理	Servers are used as central devices for administration

LAN Local Area Network	Network in a small geographical area 针对较小地理区域内的用户和终端设备提供网络访问的基础设施
WLAN	WIRELESS LAN -- Phone、tablets
WAN Wide Area Network	Network over a wide geographical area 针对广泛地理区域内的其他网络提供访问的网络基础设施

 

 

INTERNET	Everyone can use
INTRANET 内部网	Company’s network that only it’s employees can use  公司的网络，只有它的员工才能使用
EXTRANET  外联网	Company’s network accessed by suppliers, customers, etc 可对供应商、客户等提供安全访问公司数据的服务

 

Characteristics of a good network

• CONVERGED  融合 ：多媒体、语音、视频、文本

• FAULT TOLERANT  容错 ：多路径

• NO CONGESTION  无拥塞 ：QOS （Quality of Service ）优先选择流量，实时传输语音视频

• SECURED  安全

DATA SECURITY

Data CONFIDENTIALITY  保密性 ：强复杂的密码授权

• Data INTEGRITY  完整性：no one can change

• Data AVAILABILITY  可用性 ：需要时可访问

How to STOP Security Violations ？

• Anti-Virus Software -  防毒软件

• Firewall - 防火墙

• Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) - 入侵防御

• Intrusion Detection System (IDS) - 入侵检测

 

Operating System

• Hardware  硬件

• kernel  内核

• Shell  外壳  ：用户界面  Command line interface （CLI）：Console，Telnet，secure shell（SSH），AUX

                                              Graphical User interface（GUI）

Cisco IOS 访问方式
Console	console线with Serial Port or USB Port ，计算机终端仿真软件	第一次访问新设备必须使用console，默认工作
Telnet	非默认工作。远程访问	TELNET <IP Address/Hostname>
SSH	非默认工作。远程访问，SSH encrypts the user ID, password and data of the remote session	SSH  -L  <Username> <IP Address/Hostname>
AUX	旧设备， 电话连接访问设备

 

Types of Modes
Primary  主要命令模式	User—Exec 用户Exec模式
	Privilege Exec 特权模式
Configuration   配置命令模式	Line   线路配置模式
	Interface  接口配置模式

 

命名约定

• Starts with a letter (a-z)  -  以字母开头

• Ends with a letter (a-z) or digit (0-9)  -  以字母或数字结尾

• Contains no spaces  -  不包含空格

• Use only letters, digits, and dashes  -  仅使用字母、数字和破折号

• Be less than 64 characters in length  -  长度少于 64 个字符

 

Banner Message 标语

MAC-ADDRESS

• Address made of 12 Hexa-Decimal numbers.

• Hexa-Decimal is 0-15 (0-9, 10-A, 11-B, 12-C, 13-D, 14-E, 15-F)

• One Hexa-Decimal digit is equal to 4 bits.

• MAC-Address = 12*4 = 48 bits.

• Example of a MAC-Address is:  0090-271A-60AF.

• To Check MAC-Address of NIC on you computer,use the command: ipconfig/all

IP Address 

子网掩码

Identify number of network bits & host bits in an IP Address

Helps to determine (find) which subnet (network) host belongs

确定主机所属的子网

We can say, 192.168.1.1 belongs to 192.168.1.0/24 network

PING

Check if the destination device is reachable through the network

是否可以通过网络到达目的设备

Tells about the average time to go to the destination & come back

数据包到达目的设备以及响应返回源设备的平均时间

 

IPV4	32位  4组 8位 十进制组成 IP Address is of 32 bits. Network portion + Host portion 网络部分＋主机部分 IP Address has 4 Octets, so 4 numbers (e.g. 10.1.6.250). Each Octet = 8 bits. Smallest number in an IP Address can be a 0. Biggest number in an IP Address can be a 255. 回环地址 127.0.0.1
PV4过渡IPV6技术	Dual Stack 双堆栈 设备同时可以使用 IPv4,IPv6 地址 Tunneling 隧道 在IPv4网络中 传输 IPv6 包 Translation 转换 Network Address Translation 64 - NAT64 IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4 packet and vice versa
IPv6	128位 4组 32位 16进制 前面的0忽略  :: 连接 接口需要Link-Local 地址 IPv4 from 192.254.0.1 --  169.254.255.254
	Types of IPv6 Addresses
	Unicast Address Global Unicast - Like IPv4 Public IP Addresses Global Routing Prefix (Prefix Mask) - Network Bits Subnet ID - Bits that identify different LANs or Subnets Interface ID - Host Bits Unique-Local - Like IPv4 Private IP Addresses Cannot be translated to a Global Unicast address Link-Local (FE80::10) - Automatic IP inside the Local network Cannot be used to send data outside the local network Loopback (::1/128) - Like 127.0.0.1 of IPv4 ping ::1
	Multicast Address
	Anycast Address  用于两台及以上设备 Packet with Destination IP of the Anycast IP is sent to the device nearest to the source   发送至任播地址的数据包会被路由到最近的拥有该地址的设备
	Two ways to assign IPv6 Address
	Static
	Dynamic SLAAC --  Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Device gets the IP Configuration from the Router DHCP server is not needed Stateless DHCPv6  =  SLAAC + DHCPv6 SLAAC gives IPv6 address, Prefix Mask & DG DHCPv6 gives DNS Server information to the device Stateful DHCPv6 No SLAAC only DHCPv6 DHCPv6 server gives away the full IP Configuration