1、ThreadLocal是什么?
顾名思义,线程级的本地变量,也就是线程之间是隔离的,不共享。适合不同线程存储各自的上下文。webapp中应用较多。
2、ThreadLocal中的属性和方法
private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();
private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode = new AtomicInteger();
private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;
private static int nextHashCode() {
return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
}
threadLocalHashCode在ThreadLocal实例化的时候就确定了,为什么hash增加值为0x61c88647可参考https://www.cnblogs.com/ilellen/p/4135266.html。
initialValue
protected T initialValue() {
return null;
}
返回初始化线程副本,默认返回null。这个方法是protected的,就是让调用者根据自己的业务逻辑去覆盖,编写自己的初始化逻辑。
withInitial
public static <S> ThreadLocal<S> withInitial(Supplier<? extends S> supplier) {
return new SuppliedThreadLocal<>(supplier);
}
static final class SuppliedThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T> {
private final Supplier<? extends T> supplier;
SuppliedThreadLocal(Supplier<? extends T> supplier) {
this.supplier = Objects.requireNonNull(supplier);
}
@Override
protected T initialValue() {
return supplier.get();
}
}
//该接口不在ThreaLocal.java中
public interface Supplier<T> {
/**
* Gets a result.
*
* @return a result
*/
T get();
}
传入一个Supplier的对象,覆盖其get方法,本质也是编写初始化逻辑。SuppliedThreadLocal是ThreadLocal的一个内部静态类,并且继承了ThreadLocal,覆盖了原来的initialValue()方法,调用supplier.get()返回。
为了研究接下来的几个方法,必须先研究ThreadLocal中的内部静态类ThreadLocalMap,因为后面的方法都和它息息相关。
ThreadLocalMap
static class ThreadLocalMap {
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
private Entry[] table;
private int threshold; // Default to 0
}
初始化容量、门限、Entry数组这些都和HashMap类似。
注意Entry是继承弱引用的,弱引用ThreadLocal对象本身。由弱引用的特性可知,当ThreadLocal对象变成弱可及时(如在代码中显式地将ThreadLocal置null),GC会回清除掉该对象,这也是为什么Entry中用弱引用的原因。但是会有另外一个问题,ThreadLocal对象在仅弱可及时被清除掉了,但是当时一起传进来的value却还留在Entry数组中,因为一直有强引用的存在,没法被释放,所以有了内存泄露的风险。关于内存泄露的问题后面专门说明。
set
public void set(T value) {
//1)
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
//3)
map.set(this, value);
else
//2)
createMap(t, value);
}
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
//4)
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
//5)
if (k == null) {
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
//7)
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
int sz = ++size;
//8)
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
rehash();
}
//线性探测
private static int nextIndex(int i, int len) {
return ((i + 1 < len) ? i + 1 : 0);
}
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
//Thread.java中的代码
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
1)获取当前线程的threadLocals
2)threadLocals如果为null,创建ThreadLocalMap对象,生成Entry数组赋给table,set进来的value放到对应的Entry中
3)threadLocals如果不为空,则根据hash值算出数组索引
4)如果索引所在Entry存放的ThreadLocal对象和本次插入的相同,更新value
5)如果索引所在Entry存放的ThreadLocal已经被清除了(弱引用),则替换失效节点
6)如果4和5都不是,则寻找下一个索引,ThreadLocal针对hash碰撞采用的线性探测法,而不是HashMap中的链表加红黑树的做法
7)直到找到某个Entry为null,将新的key和value放入到该位置
8)清除某些失效节点
其中replaceStaleEntry、cleanSomeSlots、expungeStaleEntry具体都做了什么,可以参考https://www.cnblogs.com/cfyrwang/p/8166369.html。
get
public T get() {
//1)
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
//3)
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
Entry e = table[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == key)
return e;
else
return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
}
private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
while (e != null) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == key)
return e;
if (k == null)
expungeStaleEntry(i);
else
i = nextIndex(i, len);
e = tab[i];
}
return null;
}
//2)
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
1)获取当前线程的threadLocals
2)threadLocals如果为null,则调用setInitialValue获取初始值(如果没有覆盖initialValue方法,则默认返回null),并创建线程的ThreadLocalMap对象
3)threadLocals如果不为null,说明当前线程已经存在过ThreadLocal对象了。调用getEntry获取TreadLocal所在的Entry,获取value
remove
public void remove() {
//1)
ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
if (m != null)
m.remove(this);
}
private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
if (e.get() == key) {
//2)
e.clear();
//3)
expungeStaleEntry(i);
return;
}
}
}
private int expungeStaleEntry(int staleSlot) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
// expunge entry at staleSlot
//4)
tab[staleSlot].value = null;
tab[staleSlot] = null;
size--;
// Rehash until we encounter null
Entry e;
int i;
for (i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == null) {
e.value = null;
tab[i] = null;
size--;
} else {
int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
if (h != i) {
tab[i] = null;
// Unlike Knuth 6.4 Algorithm R, we must scan until
// null because multiple entries could have been stale.
while (tab[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, len);
tab[h] = e;
}
}
}
return i;
}
//Reference.java中的代码
public void clear() {
this.referent = null;
}
1)获取当前线程的threadLocals
2)找到对应的Entry节点,将引用的对象置null
3)清除失效的节点
4)重点就是将value置null,断开value的强引用,Entry置null,断开强引用
3、ThreadLocal结构
先来看个例子
public class ThreadLocalTest implements Runnable{
private static ThreadLocal<Long> threadLocalLong = new ThreadLocal<>();
private static ThreadLocal<String> threadLocalString = new ThreadLocal<String>() {
@Override
public String initialValue() {
return "hello";
}
};
@Override
public void run() {
Long value = threadLocalLong.get();
if (value == null) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " threadLocalLong init value is null");
}
threadLocalLong.set(Thread.currentThread().getId());
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " threadLocalLong value is " + threadLocalLong.get());
threadLocalLong.remove();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " threadLocalLong value is " + threadLocalLong.get());
String string = threadLocalString.get();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " threadLocalString init value is " + string);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException{
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
Thread thread = new Thread(new ThreadLocalTest());
thread.start();
}
}
}
输出为
Thread-1 threadLocalLong init value is null
Thread-1 threadLocalLong value is 14
Thread-1 threadLocalLong value is null
Thread-1 threadLocalString init value is hello
Thread-0 threadLocalLong init value is null
Thread-0 threadLocalLong value is 13
Thread-0 threadLocalLong value is null
Thread-0 threadLocalString init value is hello
结构图为
每个Thread维护自己的Map,里面存放各自线程的ThreadLocal对象,所以这也是为什么它能做到线程间相互隔离。
正是由于这种特性,所以ThreadLocal变量最好声明成private static的,如果你声明为成员变量,那么每new一个线程,就会多出一个ThreadLocal对象,而最终存储在各自线程的ThreadLocalMap中,声明为private static的可以避免生成多余的ThreadLocal对象。但是这样会把ThreadLocal的声明周期拉长,同类相同,可能会造成内存泄露。
4、内存泄露
前面说过,Entry的key是ThreadLocal对象的弱引用,当线程中把ThreadLocal对象的强引用断开后,如置null,那么ThreadLocal对象变成弱可及的,在下次GC时会被回收。Entry的key被回收了,但是value因为Entry的强引用关系,会一直得不到回收,造成内存泄露。
网上看的一个图来说明:
其中实线为强引用,虚线为弱引用。
如果线程迟迟得不到回收,那么value一直就得不到回收,所以线程池中使用ThreadLocal就可能会造成内存泄露,还可能产生脏读。
remove方法中会调用expungeStaleEntry(set和get时也会对key为null的节点进行清除),将Entry节点及value的强引用断开,便于下次GC回收,所以在使用的时候,最后记得调用remove方法。如
try {
threadLocal.set();
threadLocal.get();
...
} finally {
threadLocal.remove();
}
Netty中的FastThreadLocal就是这么做的。
参考: