导入模块
# 常规导入
import requests
# 用于保持会话
from requests import Session
# 用于认证
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
请求方式
requests.get()requests.post()requests.put()requests.delete()requests.head()requests.options()
get的常用选项
| 参数 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| headers | 使用指定头部 |
| params/data | 设置表单数据 |
| timeout | 超时设置 |
| proxies | 使用代理 |
| verify | 是否验证 |
| auth | 认证设置 |
example:
headers={
'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1'
}
data={
'name':'zzz',
'age':27
}
# get
response=requests.get(url="http://httpbin.org/get",headers=headers,params=data,timeout=5)
response=requests.get(url="http://httpbin.org/get?name=zzz&age=23",headers=headers,timeout=5)
# post
response=requests.post(url="http://httpbin.org/post",headers=headers,data=data,timout=5)
# 更多请求方式
requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
# 上传文件
files={'files':open('git.jpg','rb')}
response=requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",files=files)
print(response.text)
响应体处理
response.text：用推导编码解析响应文本response.content：获取二进制响应文本response.json()：用json解析响应文本response.encodeing：编码方式response.status_code：状态码response.url：链接response.headers：头部信息response.history：历史response.cookies：cookiesrequests.utils.get_encodings_from_content(rep.text)：查看编码方式
example:
# 修改编码方式
response.encoding='utf-8'
print(response.text)
# ---
print(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
# 解释json
print(json.loads(response.text))
# ---
print(response.json())
#获取cookies
response=requests.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
print(response.cookies)
for key,value in response.cookies.items():
print(key+'='+value)
保持会话模式
s=requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456',)
response=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies',headers=headers)
print(response.text)
response=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
设置代理
# 不要账户名
proxies={
'http':'http://113.121.242.191:808',
'https':'https://113.121.242.191:808'
}
# 需要账户名
uproxies={
'http':'http://user:password@113.121.242.191:808',
'https':'https://user:password@113.121.242.191:808'
}
# sokces方式
sproxies={
'http':'socks5://113.121.242.191:808',
'https':'socks5://113.121.242.191:808'
}
response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',proxies=proxies)
print(response.text)
忽略证书
response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn",verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
认证设置
# 方法一
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
response=requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user','123'))
print(response.status_code)
# 方法二
response=requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=('user','123'))
print(response.status_code)
异常处理
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timeout=0.1)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print("timeout")
except ConnectionError:
print("connection Error")
except RequestException:
print("error")
其他补充
状态码汇总
常规:
100：(‘continue’,),101：(‘switching_protocols’,),102：(‘processing’,),103：(‘checkpoint’,),122：(‘uri_too_long’, ‘request_uri_too_long’),200：(‘ok’, ‘okay’, ‘all_ok’, ‘all_okay’, ‘all_good’, ‘\o/’, ‘✓’),201：(‘created’,),202：(‘accepted’,),203：(‘non_authoritative_info’, ‘non_authoritative_information’),204：(‘no_content’,),205：(‘reset_content’, ‘reset’),206：(‘partial_content’, ‘partial’),207：(‘multi_status’, ‘multiple_status’, ‘multi_stati’, ‘multiple_stati’),208：(‘already_reported’,),226：(‘im_used’,),
Redirection:
300：(‘multiple_choices’,),301：(‘moved_permanently’, ‘moved’, ‘\o-’),302：(‘found’,),303：(‘see_other’, ‘other’),304：(‘not_modified’,),305：(‘use_proxy’,),306：(‘switch_proxy’,),307：(‘temporary_redirect’, ‘temporary_moved’, ‘temporary’),308：(‘permanent_redirect’,
‘resume_incomplete’, ‘resume’,), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
Client Error:
400：(‘bad_request’, ‘bad’),401：(‘unauthorized’,),402：(‘payment_required’, ‘payment’),403：(‘forbidden’,),404：(‘not_found’, ‘-o-’),405：(‘method_not_allowed’, ‘not_allowed’),406：(‘not_acceptable’,),407：(‘proxy_authentication_required’, ‘proxy_auth’, ‘proxy_authentication’),408：(‘request_timeout’, ‘timeout’),409：(‘conflict’,),410：(‘gone’,),411：(‘length_required’,),412：(‘precondition_failed’, ‘precondition’),413：(‘request_entity_too_large’,),414：(‘request_uri_too_large’,),415：(‘unsupported_media_type’, ‘unsupported_media’, ‘media_type’),416：(‘requested_range_not_satisfiable’, ‘requested_range’, ‘range_not_satisfiable’),417：(‘expectation_failed’,),418：(‘im_a_teapot’, ‘teapot’, ‘i_am_a_teapot’),421：(‘misdirected_request’,),422：(‘unprocessable_entity’, ‘unprocessable’),423：(‘locked’,),424：(‘failed_dependency’, ‘dependency’),425：(‘unordered_collection’, ‘unordered’),426：(‘upgrade_required’, ‘upgrade’),428：(‘precondition_required’, ‘precondition’),429：(‘too_many_requests’, ‘too_many’),431：(‘header_fields_too_large’, ‘fields_too_large’),444：(‘no_response’, ‘none’),449：(‘retry_with’, ‘retry’),450：(‘blocked_by_windows_parental_controls’, ‘parental_controls’),451：(‘unavailable_for_legal_reasons’, ‘legal_reasons’),499：(‘client_closed_request’,),
Server Error:
500：(‘internal_server_error’, ‘server_error’, ‘/o’, ‘✗’),501：(‘not_implemented’,),502：(‘bad_gateway’,),503：(‘service_unavailable’, ‘unavailable’),504：(‘gateway_timeout’,),505：(‘http_version_not_supported’, ‘http_version’),506：(‘variant_also_negotiates’,),507：(‘insufficient_storage’,),509：(‘bandwidth_limit_exceeded’, ‘bandwidth’),510：(‘not_extended’,),511：(‘network_authentication_required’, ‘network_auth’, ‘network_authentication’),
相关文档
- 官网文档: http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/
- 异常和继承关系: http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_modules/requests/exceptions.html#RequestException
- SSL介绍: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings
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