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Directions:

Each

passage

is

followed

by

some

questions

or

unfinished

statements.

For

each

of

them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice.

Passage One

Perhaps the most important defining characteristic of a human being is culture. The term culture

as used here is not limited to operas, paintings, and other artistic endeavors. These are seen by

anthropologists

(

人类学家

)

as

examples

of

culture:

culture

itself

is

the

customary

manner

in

which

human

groups

learn

to

organize

their

behavior

and

thought

in

relation

to

their

environment. Defined in this manner, culture has three principal aspects: behavioral, perceptual

and material. The behavioral component refers to how people act, especially how they interact

with each other. In child rearing (

养育

) , for example, parents and children tend to interact in a

relatively patterned fashion. Then there is the manner of perception, the ways people perceive

the world. For example, parents have a limited range of ideas about how they should act, and

what

significance

parenthood

carries

in

the

scheme

of

things.

Finally,

there

is

the

material

component of culture

—

the physical objects that we produce.

Most of what goes into making up culture is a result of learning

—

modifying behavior in

response to experience within an environment. Learning is practically universal among organisms.

But no other organism has a greater capacity for learning than a human, or depends as much on

learned behavior for its survival.

While the survival of most other organisms is to some extent safeguarded by instincts, humans

rely heavily on culture for their survival. People must learn how to live in a particular social and

physical setting, biology playing but a minimal (

最小限度的

) role.

The

ideas

and

modes

of

behavior

that

constitute

culture

are

transmitted

largely by

a

complex

system of symbols that includes language. Humans have evolved an extremely complex system of

communication

that

is

unique

to

our

species.

Without

it

the

creation

of

human

culture

as

we

know it would be impossible.

1.What is the definition of culture by anthropologists?

问题

1

答案

C)

Behavioral, perceptual and material components interacting with each other.