access的否定形式_雅思考试对于新手有多难？

雅思先从阅读开始备考，因为国内学生适应了读写考试，尤其是读，阅读是突破口。但是雅思阅读的题型多变，侧重考察同义替换现象。

所以阅读备考同义替换思想要掌握，同义替换词要背诵，题型和解题技巧要清晰。

雅思阅读核心技能是要让学生掌握同义替换，把握好阅读中的8类题型的解题技巧，明确原文和正确选项之间的否绝对逻结词的对应。

——————————

大纲：

一、阅读同义替换思想总结

二、阅读八类题型及各自的解题技巧

三、口语备考方向，内容，计划和执行

一、统性总结阅读中的同义替换类型

1——11

1.

· 同义词替换：题干中的形容词、动词和名词往往会被替换成同意或意思相近的词汇。few=minority shift away from=other things

· 原文：Experiment showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb.

· 题目：In fact, the sensation is more similar to the way in which pain from a _______ might be felt.

2.

· 数字替换：题目中的阿拉伯数字文中以英文出现，或故意断行分开；或题干中只有大概的数字，文中有具体数字。

· 题干：The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside local area.

· 原文：Interest facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality;

· 题干：In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons as well as for sending _____.

· 原文：as early as 1250BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump debris on their foes.

· 前后顺序调换：题干中答案出现在标志词的右方，原文中对应答案却出现在标志词的左方。

· 题干：Radar and sonar are based on similar ______

· 原文：But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar.

3.

· 主被动替换：原文的主动(或被动)形式在改写成题干的时候改写成被动(或主动)形式

· 题干：Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because ____ are not used in their navigation system.

· 原文：It is technically incorrect to talk about bat ‘radar’, since they don’t use radio waves.

local craftsmen established the house=the house was built by local craftsmen

4.

· 否定形式的替换：原文中的否定形式替换成其他形式从而变得不易定位。

o 否定形式与否定形式之间的替换

o 双重否定结构和肯定结构

· 题干：The ____ people were an example of the later and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable.

· 原文：But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska.

· 题干：Although most farmers would be unable to ____, Professor Pretty….

· 原文：Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers

· 多项并列列举：题干中所出现的为两项列举(A and B)或者三项列举(A，B and C)。

· 题干：The territory of consists of lNunavut ittle more than ice, rock, and a few ______.

· 原文：Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole.

5.

· 具体与概念的替换：将原文中的具体表达形式进行总结，以概念表达形式在题干中出现(反之同理)。

· 题干：In the following-up class, the teaching activities _______ those used in conventional classes.

· 原文：Some hours after the two-part session, there is a follow-up class at which the students are simulated to recall the material presented. Once again the approach is indirect. The students do not focus their attention on trying to remember the vocabulary, but focus on using the language to communicate(e.g. through games or improvised dramatizations). Such methods are not unusual in language teaching.

· Countries – 具体国家名称

· Temperate/heat – 具体温度数字

· Nature/environment – 具体的自然名词(water, river, wind, solar..)

· Colors – 具体的颜色名词

· Weather – 具体的天气名词(wind, storm, typhoon)

· Landscape – 具体的地形地貌(desert, plain, mountain)

6.

· 人称代词或指示代词替换：将答案藏到标志词集中出现的句子之前或之后，同时使用人称代词留下提示。

· 题干：Dr. Johnson believed that ____ is the major cause of this particular disease.

· 原文：Dr. Johnson is one of the leading scientists in this area. He believed that the disease could be cured. Certain experiments had been carried out through the last century however no evident result had been found. Still, he linked mainly food with this particular disease.

· 冠词替换：将填空题空格之前的冠词进行替换

· 题干：You need a _____ to open the front door.

· 原文：Every resident should always carry the blue key with them for the front door.

· 题干：The word ‘echolocation’ was first used by someone working as a _______.

· 原文：The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation’ to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.

7.

· 介词的替换：将题目中的介词替换成其他的介词，实意动词或短语。常见于填空题：题目中以介词+空格出现，但文中不出现介词。

· 题干：… suggests that they may have experienced with ___

· 原文：… suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long.

· For

o 表示原因：可以替换成其他的因果关系或名词。

o 表示目的：可以替换成不定式表示目的状语，可以替换成表示目的的名词(purpose, aim, goal)

o By

o 表示方法手段：替换成其他表示方法的介词(with, through,via )；

o 替换成表示“使用”的实意动词(use, adopt, utilize)

o 表示被动语态：可以替换成主动语态的表达形式

· Of

o 表示从属关系：替换成代词的所有格

o 表示属于：belong, include

o 替换成形容词

o E.g 荣耀的男人 a man of honor= adj. An honorable man

o 一个重要的女人 a woman of importance = an important woman 表品质的抽象名词 loyal → loyalty brave→bravety

o Honest→ honesty

o With 因 随 有 和 用

o 表示使用的方法手段：同by

o 表示“和，一起”：可以替换成拥有的实意动词(have, available, possess, share, access)

8.

· 否绝对词替换

· 原文：organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices

· 题：would be unable to think and practice

· 词-变性：

· but it is the problem of timetabling a teacher to be in there.

· professor=scholar=academic

· important=of importance；wider=will be widened

· 最常见的就是N/V/Adj词性互换

9.

· 因果、转折等连词互换

10.

· 疑问句与陈述句互换

11.

· 形容词与副词互换等

二、八大题型及解题技巧

配对题----List of Heading

一．题型介绍：

List of Heading即段落大意题或者标题对应题，位置都是在所给文章的第一个题型考察，并且题的位置是放在文章之前。这个题型是选出所给段落的大意，相当于中学语文的中心大意题，所以需要考生从宏观上理解段落大意，最好的方法是通过找一些主旨句子读懂文章段落的大意，如果没有主旨句子，需要考生自己总结段落大意，之后再浏览所给选项，选出大意最相近的选项。

u List of Heading在阅读题型中考察幅度占30%，且可能一次考试中考两次甚至三次。

思路与技巧

1. 注意事项

段落大意题是理解性的题型，需注意：

1)跟其他题型混合时，该题型一般会位于第一个题型，且常常位于文章之前，注意不要遗漏。且文章的段落数与题目考查数量可能不对应，要注意考查的是哪几段。

2)虽然位于第一个题型，但切忌首先来做。因为本题是阅读所有题型中唯一考查段落大意的题，当我们完成相应段落的细节题后，很可能该段的段落大意不需要刻意去找就可以很好理解，无需花费多余时间单独做。(我们后面讲解的该题步骤和技巧都是基于细节题后没有判断出段落大意的其他方法)

3) 切忌先读题，后读文章。因为先读题，考生往往会带着题干中的关键词去读文章，这样一旦这个关键词在段落中出现，可能会影响考生利用关键词做题，而不去读段落大意，造成错误。例如：

List of Headings

i MIRTP as a future model

ii Identifying the main transport problems

iii preference for motorized vehicles

iv Government authorities’ instructions

v Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes

vi Request for improved transport in Makete

vii Transport improvements in the northern part of the district

viii Improvements in the rail network

ix Effects of initial MIRTP measures

x Co-operation of district officials

xi Role of wheelbarrows and donkeys

Section E (概括不是 细节)

It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a 'top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.(C7T2P3)

总结：小标题与目标段落关键词相似度越高，正确的概率越低

(排除本段反复出现的词作为段落标题的现象)

2. 做题步骤：

1) 看已给出的答案及文章标题，排除干扰选项，以防错选。

例如：C7T2P3

List of Headings

i MIRTP as a future model

ii Identifying the main transport problems

iii preference for motorized vehicles

iv Government authorities’ instructions

v Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes

vi Request for improved transport in Makete

vii Transport improvements in the northern part of the district

viii Improvements in the rail network

ix Effects of initial MIRTP measures

x Co-operation of district officials

xi Role of wheelbarrows and donkeys

Example Answer

27 Section A vi

28 Section B

29 Section C

Example Answer

30 Section D ix

31 Section E

32 Section F

2) 读文章中有题设置的第一段的首二尾句，并断句，寻找主干。如该段为总分总，总分，或分总结构时，阅读首二尾句可快速确定主题。段落结构的判断依据为：

论点句

u 观点句(think, view, opinion, suggest, say, analyze, propose…)

u 评论句 (critical; fundamental; of significance或比较more than; rather than…)

u 结果句 (consequently, as a result, causing, lead to …)

论据

u 举例(for example, such as, for instance, the case in point is that…)

u 事实句(it’s proved, it’s true, fact, research shows, study…)

u 原因句(due to, because, it is …that makes..)

例如：Air Traffic Control in the USA

List of Headings

i Disobeying FAA regulations

ii Aviation disaster prompts action

iii Two coincidental developments

iv Setting altitude zones

V An oversimplified view

vi Controlling pilots' licences

vii Defining airspace categories

viii Setting rules to weather conditions

ix Taking off safely

X First steps towards ATC

F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.(C8T1P2)

正确答案：

1) 辅助看段落中的结构

A． 转折关系(although; however; but; nevertheless等)

B． 对比关系(by contrast; in comparison; on the other hand 等)

C． 因果关系(as a result, so, thus, therefore, in this case, consequently, as a consequence等)

配对题----Which paragraph & Sentence ending

Which paragraph题

一．题型介绍：

Which paragraph contains the following information题，即段落匹配题，“以下题目的信息是在文章的哪个段落出现”。属于典型的细节题，是在一篇文章的后面给出4-5道题，然后把这些题目和文中的段落来匹配。做题时需要考生从微观上来确定关键词了解这个题目的细节信息，再回文章中来找和这个细节信息相对的段落。

此题在阅读题型中考察幅度占20%。

l 注意区分heading配对题

heading

which paragraph

位置

文章前第一个题型

文章后第一个题型

考查点

段落大意

文章细节

考查能力

段落大意总结能力

同义替换词汇

做题顺序

细节题后做

跟细节题同时做

其它题型类型及解题技巧请参考我的回答：雅思阅读应该如何提高呢？​www.zhihu.com

三、口语备考方向，内容，计划和执行口语小白该如何着手备考雅思口语？​www.zhihu.com