Manipulator i
s now used a
s a industri
al robots i
n use, the
control obje
ctives
often appear ofte
n in i
ndustrial aut
omation. In
dustrial automati
on te
chnol
ogy has gra
dually mat
ured, a
s mature a te
chnol
ogy line
has
been rapid
devel
opment i
n industrial aut
omation a
s a se
parate subje
ct. Ma
nipulator appli
cation bega
n to filter into w
eldi
ng, logi
stics, mechani
cal pr
oce
ssing, and ot
her industri
es. Espe
cially at hig
h or very l
ow temperat
ures, full
of poi
sonous gase
s, hig
h radiati
on
case, r
obot in
similar circumstances
showed great
use a
lso
bring
s great conveni
ence to the staff. Precisely
because of t
his robot to get pe
opl
e's attenti
on
began to
be a
high
degree
of development.
Labor rates, w
orking
conditi
ons, labor inte
nsive aspe
cts of pr
omoting
devel
opment. Both at
home a
nd a
broa
d to develop the
PLC (
programmable l
ogic
contr
oller) is in various special
circumstances a
nd
under speci
al
conditions set for mechani
cal devi
ces. Now tur
ned
on t
he devel
opme
nt of the mi
croele
ctronic
s automati
c control
technology a
nd t
he rapi
d devel
opme
nt of the trains, the success of PLC har
dware software and
simulati
on control win
big and succe
ssful
development,
now
conti
nues to develop as a factory a
utomation standards. Beca
use robot
s are good devel
opme
nt of the te
chnol
ogy makes a good optimization of productive ca
pital, and robot shows t
his
uni
que a
dvantages,
such as: ha
s goo
d compatibil
ity, wi
de availabil
ity, har
dware is
complete, and pr
ogramming that ca
n be mastere
d in a short time, so in t
he context of industrial
PLC a
ppl
ications
became
ubi
quit
ous. Mani
pulat
or in many
developed
country agriculture a
nd i
ndustry has
bee
n applied, such a
s the use of mechani
cal harvesting large area
s of farmland, re
peated
operations on t
he hig
h-spee
d line that uses a roboti
c arm, and so
on.
oday, t
he hig
h level of aut
omation
combine
d with restri
ctions on the ma
nipulator dev
elopment level
is slightly lower tha
n the inter
national. T
he de
sign is mai
nly arm weldi
ng machine
by PLC Aut
omation
contr
ol. This
of design l
et desig
ners
on in
school by lear
n of has a m
ust of consolidati
on,
understand ha
s some
usually di
dn't opportuniti
es aware
ness i
n worl
d range wit
hin some lea
ding level
of knowl
edge has ha
s must aware
ness, hope
desig
ners ca
n in yi
hou of design in t
he ca
n success
of using i
n this
desig
n
in the pr
oce
eds
of experience 1.2 mani
pulator i
n both at home and abroa
d of rese
arch
profile aut
omation me
cha
nica
l arm research bega
n Yu 20t
h ce
ntury medi
um-term, after years with wit
h computer a
nd a
utomation technol
ogy of devel
opme
nt, Makes me
cha
nical
arm on the Grand stage of industrial aut
omation a
nd shine, gradually be
came an i
ndustrial evaluati
on sta
ndar
ds, a
nd its importance ca
n be
seen. Now origi
nal robotic arm spent most of mass pr
oducti
on a
nd use on the
producti
on li
ne, w
hic
h is pr
ogrammed robotic arm. As t
he first generation of mani
pulator
position control systems main features, althoug
h not ba
ck sever
al generations that ca
n dete
ct the external e
nvironment, but ca
n still
successfully complete like wel
ding,
painti
ng, del
ivery as well a
s for materials simple moveme
nts. Se
cond ge
neration me
cha
nica
l arms are equipped wit
h se
nsors and manipulators
have the e
nvironment there i
s a certai
n amount of "sense", whe
n the mechanical arm is to
use the program as a
basis. Difference is that
he robot bega
nd
m
anipulat
or control m
ode a
nd
programmable
controller
s introduction 2.1 Sel
ect
discussion with ma
nipulator control 2.1.1 cla
ssificati
on
of control relays a
nd
discrete ele
ctroni
c cir
cuit
can
control ol
d industrial equipme
nt, but also more
common. Mai
nly the
se two rel
atively cheap a
nd y
ou
can m
eet the ol
d-fashioned, simpl
e (or simpl
e) industrial e
qui
pment. S
o he
can
see them now,
however t
hese two
contr
ol modes (relay and di
screte el
ectronic
circuits) are the
se fatal flaws: (1) cannot a
dapt t
o the
complex logic control, (2) only for the
curr
nt project, t
he la
ck of compatibility a
nd (3) not reforming the sy
stem with e
qui
pment impr
ovements. S
pring for t
he development of China's modern i
ndustrial a
utomation technology the substantia
l increase i
n the l
evel of industrial aut
omation,
com
pleted t
he perfect relay of the
com
puter too much.
In terms
of controlli
ng the
computer showed
his tw
o great adva
ntages: (1) ea
ch
of the har
dware can
be installed
on
one
or more mi
cropr
oce
ssors; (2) the
official desig
ner of the software writi
ng content
contr
ol is all a
bout. Now in
several ways in t
he context of industrial a
utomation ca
n often
be se
en i
n three ways: (1) Programmable Logical
Controller (referred to as
IPC); (2) Distributed
Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the
Programmable
Logi
cal Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC a
nd the IPC and DCS contrast
contrast 1, each of the t
hree technologi
es of origi
ns a
nd
development requirement
s for fast data processing makes it inve
nted t
he compute
r. The men br
oug
ht in terms of har
dware there, using a hig
h level
of standar
dization, ca
n use m
ore compatibility tools, i
s a rich software re
sour
ces,
especially t
he ne
ed for immedia
cy in
operational systems. So the com
puter can effectively control i
s used to
control and meet its spee
d, on the virtual m
odel
, real-time a
nd i
n com
putational re
quirement
s. Distri
bute
d system started wit
h a contr
ol system for industrial a
utomatic i
nstrume
nt
use
d to contr
ol, whereas now it is
succe
ssfully developed i
nto
industrial control
computer used as a
central
colle
ction and distri
bution system and transiti
on
of distributed
contr
ol system
in a
nalog
ue ha
ndli
ng, loop
control, ha
s beg
un to refle
ct the use of a huge adva
ntage. Thoug
h distri
bute
d system has great a
dvantages i
n loop regulati
on, but
only as a mea
ns of conti
nuous
process
control.
Optimization of PLC is t
he corresponding relay
needs was
bor
n, its main use in t
he work
order contr
ol, early primary is re
placed relay thi
s hulking system, focuse
d on the switch
controlling t
he runni
ng order
of functi
ons. Marked
by the micr
opr
oce
ssor i
n the early 1970 of the 20t
h ce
ntury emerged, mi
cro-electr
oni
cs technology
has developed ra
pidl
y, pe
ople
soon micr
oele
ctroni
cs pr
oce
ssi
ng technol
ogy will be use
d in t
he Programmabl
e Logical Contr
oller (that is
C
语言基本类型
:
字符型
(char)
用法介绍
1.
字符型(
char
)简介
字符型
(
char
)
用于储存字符
(
character
)
,
如英文字母或标点。
严格来说,
char
其
实也是整数类型(
integer
type
)
,因为
char
类型储存的实际上是整数,而不是字符。计算
机使用特定的整数编码来表示特定的字符。美国普遍使用的编码是
ASCII
(
American
Standard
Code
for
Information
Interchange
美国信息交换标准编码)
。例如:
ASCII
使用
65
来代表大写字母
A
,因此存储字母
A
实际上存储的是整数
65
。注意:许多
IBM
大型机使用另一种编码——
EBCDIC
(
Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code
扩
充的二进制编码的十进制交换码)
;不同国家的计算机使用的编码可能完全不同。
ASCII
的范围是
0
到
127
,故而
7
位(
bit
)就足以表示全部
ASCII
。
char
一般占
用
8
位内存单元,
表示
ASCII
绰绰有余。
许多系统都提供扩展
ASCII
(
Extended ASCII
)
,并且
所需空间仍然在
8
位以内。
注意,
不同的系统提供的扩展
ASCII
的编码方式可能有所不同!
许多字符集超出了
8
位所能表示的范围
(例如汉字字符集)
,
使用这种字符集作为
基本字符集的系统中,
char
可能是
16
位的,
甚至可能是
32
位的。
总之,
C
保证
char
占
用空间的大小足以储存系统所用的基本字符集的编码。
C
语言定义一个字节(
byte
)的位数
为
char
的位数,所以一个字节可能是
16
位,也可能是
32
位,而不仅仅限于
8
位。
2.
声明字符型变量
字符型变量的声明方式和其它类型变量的声明方式一样:
char good;
char better, best;
以上代码声明了三个字符型变量:
good
、
better
,和
best
。
3.
字符常量与初始化
我们可以使用以下语句来初始化字符型变量:
char ch = 'A';
这个语句把
ch
的值初始化为
A
的编码值。在这个语句中,
'A'
是字符常量。
C
语言中,
使用单引号把字符引起来就构成字符常量。我们来看另外一个例子:
char fail;
/*
声明一个字符型变量
*/
fail = 'F';
/*
正确
*/
fail = "F";
/*
错!
"F"
是字符串字面量
*/