JAVA怎么设计堆栈类_如何在Java中设计类型安全的堆栈,防止从空列表中弹出？

请参阅下面基于

stakx’s question的.net代码的Java实现.

如果客户端尝试弹出太多,编译器将发出未定义的方法错误.例如,发出以下呼叫：

new EmptyStack< Integer>().push(1).pop().getTop()

将调用getTop()会导致未定义的方法错误.

class GenericStack {

@Test public void test() {

final IStack stack = new EmptyStack();

assertEquals(new Integer(1), stack.push(1).getTop());

assertEquals(new Integer(2), stack.push(1).push(2).getTop());

assertEquals(new Integer(1), stack.push(1).push(2).pop().getTop());

}

interface IStack {

INonEmptyStack> push(T x);

}

interface IEmptyStack extends IStack

{

@Override INonEmptyStack> push(T x);

}

interface INonEmptyStack>

extends IStack

{

T getTop();

TStackBeneath pop();

@Override INonEmptyStack>

push(T x);

}

class EmptyStack implements IEmptyStack {

@Override public INonEmptyStack> push(T x) {

return new NonEmptyStack>(x, this);

}

}

class NonEmptyStack> extends Object

implements INonEmptyStack {

private final TStackBeneath stackBeneathTop;

private final T top;

NonEmptyStack(T top, TStackBeneath stackBeneathTop) {

this.top = top;

this.stackBeneathTop = stackBeneathTop;

}

@Override public T getTop() {

return top;

}

@Override public TStackBeneath pop() {

return stackBeneathTop;

}

@Override public INonEmptyStack>

push(T x) {

return

new NonEmptyStack>(x, this);

}

}

// The following client code at the request of @TacticalCoder demonstrates

// some of the benefits (and limitations) of this implementation.

@Test public void testRandomPopper() {

IStack> stack = randomPopper(new EmptyStack(), 20);

// This assertion will fail 1 out of .3^20 runs

assertTrue(stack instanceof INonEmptyStack,?>);

assertFalse(stack instanceof IEmptyStack>);

}

public IStack randomPopper(IStack s, final int N) {

IStack stack;

if(N<1)

return s;

stack = s.Push(1);

for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {

INonEmptyStack tStack = stack.Push(i+1);

if(Math.random()<0.3) {

stack = tStack.Pop();

} else {

stack = tStack;

}

}

return stack;

}

@Test public void testDrainStack() {

IStack stack = randomPopper(new EmptyStack(), 20);

IStack> maybeEmptyStack = drainStack(stack);

assertTrue(maybeEmptyStack instanceof IEmptyStack);

IEmptyStack> definitelyEmptyStack = (IEmptyStack>) maybeEmptyStack;

assertTrue(definitelyEmptyStack instanceof IEmptyStack>);

}

@Test public void testCastNonEmptyStackToEmptyStack() {

IStack stack = randomPopper(new EmptyStack(), 20);

IStack> maybeEmptyStack = stack;

assertFalse(maybeEmptyStack instanceof IEmptyStack);

// Below cast should issue warning! Doesn't and issues runtime error.

IEmptyStack> definitelyEmptyStack = (IEmptyStack>) maybeEmptyStack;

assertFalse(definitelyEmptyStack instanceof IEmptyStack>);

}

public IStack> drainStack(IStack> stack) {

for (;stack instanceof INonEmptyStack,?>;)

stack = ((INonEmptyStack,?>) stack).Pop();

return stack;

}

}