有时候我反问我自己,怎么不知道在python 3中用更简单的方式做“这样”的事,当我寻求答案时,随着时间的推移,我当然发现更简洁、有效并且bug更少的代码。总的来说(不仅仅是这篇文章),“那些”事情总共数量是超过我想象的,但这里是第一批不明显的特性,后来我寻求到了更有效的/简单的/可维护的代码。
字典
字典中的keys()和items()
你能在字典的keys和items中做很多有意思的操作,它们类似于集合(set): aa = {‘mike': ‘male', ‘kathy': ‘female', ‘steve': ‘male', ‘hillary': ‘female'}
bb = {‘mike': ‘male', ‘ben': ‘male', ‘hillary': ‘female'}
aa.keys() & bb.keys() # {‘mike', ‘hillary'} # these are set-like
aa.keys() - bb.keys() # {‘kathy', ‘steve'}
# If you want to get the common key-value pairs in the two dictionaries
aa.items() & bb.items() # {(‘mike', ‘male'), (‘hillary', ‘female')}
太简洁啦!
在字典中校验一个key的存在
下面这段代码你写了多少遍了? dictionary = {}
for k, v in ls:
if not k in dictionary:
dictionary[k] = []
dictionary[k].append(v)
这段代码其实没有那么糟糕,但是为什么你一直都需要用if语句呢? from collections import defaultdict
dictionary = defaultdict(list) # defaults to list
for k, v in ls:
dictionary[k].append(v)
这样就更清晰了,没有一个多余而模糊的if语句。
用另一个字典来更新一个字典 from itertools import chain
a = {‘x': 1, ‘y':2, ‘z':3}
b = {‘y': 5, ‘s': 10, ‘x': 3, ‘z': 6}
# Update a with b
c = dict(chain(a.items(), b.items()))
c # {‘y': 5, ‘s': 10, ‘x': 3, ‘z': 6}
这样看起来还不错,但是不够简明。看看我们是否能做得更好: c = a.copy()
c.update(b)
更清晰而且更有可读性了!
从一个字典获得最大值
如果你想获取一个字典中的最大值,可能会像这样直接: aa = {k: sum(range(k)) for k in range(10)}
aa # {0: 0, 1: 0, 2: 1, 3: 3, 4: 6, 5: 10, 6: 15, 7: 21, 8: 28, 9: 36}
max(aa.values()) #36
这么做是有效的,但是如果你需要key,那么你就需要在value的基础上再找到key。然而,我们可以用过zip来让展现更扁平化,并返回一个如下这样的key-value形式: max(zip(aa.values(), aa.keys()))
# (36, 9) => value, key pair
同样地,如果你想从最大到最小地去遍历一个字典,你可以这么干: sorted(zip(aa.values(), aa.keys()), reverse=True)
# [(36, 9), (28, 8), (21, 7), (15, 6), (10, 5), (6, 4), (3, 3), (1, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0)]
在一个list中打开任意数量的items
我们可以运用*的魔法,获取任意的items放到list中: def compute_average_salary(person_salary):
person, *salary = person_salary
return person, (sum(salary) / float(len(salary)))
person, average_salary = compute_average_salary([“mike”, 40000, 50000, 60000])
person # ‘mike'
average_salary # 50000.0
这不是那么有趣,但是如果我告诉你也可以像下面这样呢: def compute_average_salary(person_salary_age):
person, *salary, age = person_salary_age
return person, (sum(salary) / float(len(salary))), age
person, average_salary, age = compute_average_salary([“mike”, 40000, 50000, 60000, 42])
age # 42
看起来很简洁嘛!
当你想到有一个字符串类型的key和一个list的value的字典,而不是遍历一个字典,然后顺序地处理value,你可以使用一个更扁平的展现(list中套list),像下面这样: # Instead of doing this
for k, v in dictionary.items():
process(v)
# we are separating head and the rest, and process the values
# as a list similar to the above. head becomes the key value
for head, *rest in ls:
process(rest)
# if not very clear, consider the following example
aa = {k: list(range(k)) for k in range(5)} # range returns an iterator
aa # {0: [], 1: [0], 2: [0, 1], 3: [0, 1, 2], 4: [0, 1, 2, 3]}
for k, v in aa.items():
sum(v)
#0
#0
#1
#3
#6
# Instead
aa = [[ii] + list(range(jj)) for ii, jj in enumerate(range(5))]
for head, *rest in aa:
print(sum(rest))
#0
#0
#1
#3
#6
你可以把list解压成head,*rest,tail等等。
Collections用作计数器
Collections是我在python中最喜欢的库之一,在python中,除了原始的默认的,如果你还需要其他的数据结构,你就应该看看这个。
我日常基本工作的一部分就是计算大量而又不是很重要的词。可能有人会说,你可以把这些词作为一个字典的key,他们分别的值作为value,在我没有接触到collections中的Counter时,我可能会同意你的做法(是的,做这么多介绍就是因为Counter)。
假设你读的python语言的维基百科,转化为一个字符串,放到一个list中(标记好顺序): import re
word_list = list(map(lambda k: k.lower().strip(), re.split(r'[;,:(.s)]s*', python_string)))
word_list[:10] # [‘python', ‘is', ‘a', ‘widely', ‘used', ‘general-purpose', ‘high-level', ‘programming', ‘language', ‘[17][18][19]']
到目前为止看起来都不错,但是如果你想计算这个list中的单词: from collections import defaultdict # again, collections!
dictionary = defaultdict(int)
for word in word_list:
dictionary[word] += 1
这个没有那么糟糕,但是如果你有了Counter,你将会节约下你的时间做更有意义的事情。 from collections import Counter
counter = Counter(word_list)
# Getting the most common 10 words
counter.most_common(10)
[(‘the', 164), (‘and', 161), (‘a', 138), (‘python', 138),
(‘of', 131), (‘is', 102), (‘to', 91), (‘in', 88), (‘', 56)]
counter.keys()[:10] # just like a dictionary
[‘', ‘limited', ‘all', ‘code', ‘managed', ‘multi-paradigm',
‘exponentiation', ‘fromosing', ‘dynamic']
很简洁吧,但是如果我们看看在Counter中包含的可用的方法: dir(counter)
[‘__add__', ‘__and__', ‘__class__', ‘__cmp__', ‘__contains__', ‘__delattr__', ‘__delitem__', ‘__dict__',
‘__doc__', ‘__eq__', ‘__format__', ‘__ge__', ‘__getattribute__', ‘__getitem__', ‘__gt__', ‘__hash__',
‘__init__', ‘__iter__', ‘__le__', ‘__len__', ‘__lt__', ‘__missing__', ‘__module__', ‘__ne__', ‘__new__',
‘__or__', ‘__reduce__', ‘__reduce_ex__', ‘__repr__', ‘__setattr__', ‘__setitem__', ‘__sizeof__',
‘__str__', ‘__sub__', ‘__subclasshook__', ‘__weakref__', ‘clear', ‘copy', ‘elements', ‘fromkeys', ‘get',
‘has_key', ‘items', ‘iteritems', ‘iterkeys', ‘itervalues', ‘keys', ‘most_common', ‘pop', ‘popitem', ‘setdefault',
‘subtract', ‘update', ‘values', ‘viewitems', ‘viewkeys', ‘viewvalues']
你看到__add__和__sub__方法了吗,是的,Counter支持加减运算。因此,如果你有很多文本想要去计算单词,你不必需要Hadoop,你可以运用Counter(作为map)然后把它们加起来(相当于reduce)。这样你就有构建在Counter上的mapreduce了,你可能以后还会感谢我。
扁平嵌套lists
Collections也有_chain函数,其可被用作扁平嵌套lists from collections import chain
ls = [[kk] + list(range(kk)) for kk in range(5)]
flattened_list = list(collections._chain(*ls))
同时打开两个文件
如果你在处理一个文件(比如一行一行地),而且要把这些处理好的行写入到另一个文件中,你可能情不自禁地像下面这么去写: with open(input_file_path) as inputfile:
with open(output_file_path, ‘w') as outputfile:
for line in inputfile:
outputfile.write(process(line))
除此之外,你可以在相同的一行里打开多个文件,就像下面这样: with open(input_file_path) as inputfile, open(output_file_path, ‘w') as outputfile:
for line in inputfile:
outputfile.write(process(line))
这样就更简洁啦!
从一堆数据中找到星期一
如果你有一个数据想去标准化(比如周一之前或是之后),你也许会像下面这样: import datetime
previous_monday = some_date - datetime.timedelta(days=some_date.weekday())
# Similarly, you could map to next monday as well
next_monday = some_date + date_time.timedelta(days=-some_date.weekday(), weeks=1)
这就是实现方式。
处理HTML
如果你出于兴趣或是利益要爬一个站点,你可能会一直面临着html标签。为了去解析各种各样的html标签,你可以运用html.parer: from html.parser import HTMLParser
class HTMLStrip(HTMLParser):
def __init__(self):
self.reset()
self.ls = []
def handle_data(self, d):
self.ls.append(d)
def get_data(self):
return ‘'.join(self.ls)
@staticmethod
def strip(snippet):
html_strip = HTMLStrip()
html_strip.feed(snippet)
clean_text = html_strip.get_data()
return clean_text
snippet = HTMLStrip.strip(html_snippet)
如果你仅仅想避开html: escaped_snippet = html.escape(html_snippet)
# Back to html snippets(this is new in Python 3.4)
html_snippet = html.unescape(escaped_snippet)
# and so forth ...