linux查看dns及ttl时间,使用dig查询dns解析

一般来说linux下查询域名解析有两种选择，nslookup或者dig，而在使用上我觉得dig更加方便顺手。

如果是在debian下的话，只要装上dnsutils这个包就可以使用dig命令了。

最基本的使用方式就是

dig

即查询域名的A记录，查询的dns服务器将采用系统配置的服务器，即/etc/resovle.conf 中的。

如果要查询其他类型的记录，比如MX，CNAME，NS，PTR等，只需将类型加在命令后面即可

dig mx

dig ns

此外，如果你是一个系统管理员，部署好了一台dns服务器之后想对它进行解析测试，就必须要显式指定待测试的dns服务器地址了，例如

dig @202.106.0.20 a

默认情况下dig将采用udp协议进行查询，如果要采用tcp方式，可以加上 +tcp参数

dig a +tcp

另外一个重要的功能是+trace参数，使用这个参数之后将显示从根域逐级查询的过程

dig a +trace

比如，对本站域名 A记录的trace查询可以看到根域.，顶级域.cn，以及linuxers.cn的域名权威服务器的地址及其各自的返回结果，这样对于追踪dns解析中的问题有很大的帮助。

leconte@localhost:~$ dig a +trace

; <<>> DiG 9.5.1-P3 <<>> a +trace

;; global options: printcmd

. 215857 IN NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 215857 IN NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

;; Received 228 bytes from 192.168.127.2#53(192.168.127.2) in 12 ms

cn. 172800 IN NS a.dns.cn.

cn. 172800 IN NS b.dns.cn.

cn. 172800 IN NS c.dns.cn.

cn. 172800 IN NS d.dns.cn.

cn. 172800 IN NS e.dns.cn.

cn. 172800 IN NS ns.cernet.net.

;; Received 298 bytes from 199.7.83.42#53(L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET) in 496 ms

linuxers.cn. 21600 IN NS ns1.dnspood.net.

linuxers.cn. 21600 IN NS ns2.dnspood.net.

;; Received 80 bytes from 202.112.0.44#53(ns.cernet.net) in 12 ms

. 600 IN A 218.240.42.72

;; Received 49 bytes from 222.186.26.115#53(ns2.dnspood.net) in 1132 ms

今天刚好是百度出问题时候。

关于dig的更进一步的使用方式请参考

dig (1) - BIND9

(Updated: Jun 30, 2000)

NAME

dig - DNS lookup utility

SYNOPSIS

dig [@server] [-baddress] [-cclass] [-ffilename] [-kfilename] [-m] [-pport#] [-qname] [-ttype] [-xaddr] [-y[hmac:]name:key] [-4] [-6] [name] [type] [class] [queryopt...]dig [-h]dig [global-queryopt...] [query...]

DESCRIPTION

dig

(domain information groper) is a flexible tool for interrogating DNS

name servers. It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are

returned from the name server(s) that were queried. Most DNS

administrators use

digto troubleshoot DNS problems because of its flexibility, ease

of use and clarity of output. Other lookup tools tend to have less

functionality than

dig.

Although

digis normally used with command-line arguments, it also has a

batch mode of operation for reading lookup requests from a file. A

brief summary of its command-line arguments and options is printed when

the

-h

option is given. Unlike earlier versions, the BIND 9 implementation of

dig

allows multiple lookups to be issued from the command line.

Unless it is told to query a specific name server,

dig

will try each of the servers listed in

/etc/resolv.conf.

When no command line arguments or options are given,

dig

will perform an NS query for "." (the root).

It is possible to set per-user defaults for

dig

via

${HOME}/.digrc. This file is read and any options in it are applied before the command line arguments.

The IN and CH class names overlap with the IN and CH top level domains names. Either use the

-t

and

-c

options to specify the type and class, use the

-q

the specify the domain name, or use "IN." and "CH." when looking up these top level domains.

SIMPLE USAGE

A typical invocation of

dig

looks like:

dig @server name type

where:

serveris the name or IP address of the

name server to query. This can be an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal

notation or an IPv6 address in colon-delimited notation. When the

supplied

server

argument is a hostname,

dig

resolves that name before querying that name server. If no

server

argument is provided,

dig

consults

/etc/resolv.conf

and queries the name servers listed there. The reply from the name server that responds is displayed.

nameis the name of the resource record that is to be looked up.

typeindicates what type of query is required --- ANY, A, MX, SIG, etc.

type

can be any valid query type. If no

type

argument is supplied,

dig

will perform a lookup for an A record.

OPTIONS

The

-b

option sets the source IP address of the query to

address. This must be a valid address on one of the host's

network interfaces or "0.0.0.0" or "::". An optional port may be

specified by appending "#"

The default query class (IN for internet) is overridden by the

-c

option.

class

is any valid class, such as HS for Hesiod records or CH for Chaosnet records.

The

-f

option makes

dig

operate in batch mode by reading a list of lookup requests to process from the file

filename. The file contains a number of queries, one per line.

Each entry in the file should be organized in the same way they would

be presented as queries to

dig

using the command-line interface.

The

-m

option enables memory usage debugging.

If a non-standard port number is to be queried, the

-p

option is used.

port#

is the port number that

digwill send its queries instead of the standard DNS port number

53. This option would be used to test a name server that has been

configured to listen for queries on a non-standard port number.

The

-4

option forces

dig

to only use IPv4 query transport. The

-6

option forces

dig

to only use IPv6 query transport.

The

-t

option sets the query type to

type. It can be any valid query type which is supported in BIND 9. The default query type is "A", unless the

-xoption is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup. A zone

transfer can be requested by specifying a type of AXFR. When an

incremental zone transfer (IXFR) is required,

typeis set to

ixfr=N. The incremental zone transfer will contain the changes made to

the zone since the serial number in the zone's SOA record was

N.

The

-q

option sets the query name to

name. This useful do distinguish the

name

from other arguments.

Reverse lookups --- mapping addresses to names --- are simplified by the

-x

option.

addris an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation, or a

colon-delimited IPv6 address. When this option is used, there is no

need to provide the

name,

class

and

type

arguments.

digautomatically performs a lookup for a name like

11.12.13.10.in-addr.arpa

and sets the query type and class to PTR and IN respectively. By

default, IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format under the

IP6.ARPA domain. To use the older RFC1886 method using the IP6.INT

domain specify the

-i

option. Bit string labels (RFC2874) are now experimental and are not attempted.

To sign the DNS queries sent by

dig

and their responses using transaction signatures (TSIG), specify a TSIG key file using the

-k

option. You can also specify the TSIG key itself on the command line using the

-y

option;

hmac

is the type of the TSIG, default HMAC-MD5,

name

is the name of the TSIG key and

key

is the actual key. The key is a base-64 encoded string, typically generated by

(8). Caution should be taken when using the

-y

option on multi-user systems as the key can be visible in the output from

(1)

or in the shell's history file. When using TSIG authentication with

dig, the name server that is queried needs to know the key and

algorithm that is being used. In BIND, this is done by providing

appropriate

key

and

server

statements in

named.conf.

QUERY OPTIONS

digprovides a number of query options which affect the way in

which lookups are made and the results displayed. Some of these set or

reset flag bits in the query header, some determine which sections of

the answer get printed, and others determine the timeout and retry

strategies.

Each query option is identified by a keyword preceded by a plus

sign (+). Some keywords set or reset an option. These may be preceded

by the string

no

to negate the meaning of that keyword. Other keywords assign values to

options like the timeout interval. They have the form

+keyword=value. The query options are:

+[no]tcpUse [do not use] TCP when

querying name servers. The default behavior is to use UDP unless an

AXFR or IXFR query is requested, in which case a TCP connection is

used.

+[no]vcUse [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate syntax to

+[no]tcp

is provided for backwards compatibility. The "vc" stands for "virtual circuit".

+[no]ignoreIgnore truncation in UDP responses instead of retrying with TCP. By default, TCP retries are performed.

+domain=somenameSet the search list to contain the single domain

somename, as if specified in a

domain

directive in

/etc/resolv.conf, and enable search list processing as if the

+search

option were given.

+[no]searchUse [do not use] the search list defined by the searchlist or domain directive in

resolv.conf

(if any). The search list is not used by default.

+[no]showsearchPerform [do not perform] a search showing intermediate results.

+[no]defnameDeprecated, treated as a synonym for

+[no]search

+[no]aaonlySets the "aa" flag in the query.

+[no]aaflagA synonym for

+[no]aaonly.

+[no]adflagSet [do not set] the AD

(authentic data) bit in the query. The AD bit currently has a standard

meaning only in responses, not in queries, but the ability to set the

bit in the query is provided for completeness.

+[no]cdflagSet [do not set] the CD

(checking disabled) bit in the query. This requests the server to not

perform DNSSEC validation of responses.

+[no]clDisplay [do not display] the CLASS when printing the record.

+[no]ttlidDisplay [do not display] the TTL when printing the record.

+[no]recurseToggle the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query. This bit is set by default, which means

dig

normally sends recursive queries. Recursion is automatically disabled when the

+nssearch

or

+trace

query options are used.

+[no]nssearchWhen this option is set,

digattempts to find the authoritative name servers for the zone

containing the name being looked up and display the SOA record that

each name server has for the zone.

+[no]traceToggle tracing of the delegation

path from the root name servers for the name being looked up. Tracing

is disabled by default. When tracing is enabled,

digmakes iterative queries to resolve the name being looked up.

It will follow referrals from the root servers, showing the answer from

each server that was used to resolve the lookup.

+[no]cmdToggles the printing of the initial comment in the output identifying the version of

dig

and the query options that have been applied. This comment is printed by default.

+[no]shortProvide a terse answer. The default is to print the answer in a verbose form.

+[no]identifyShow [or do not show] the IP address and port number that supplied the answer when the

+shortoption is enabled. If short form answers are requested,

the default is not to show the source address and port number of the

server that provided the answer.

+[no]commentsToggle the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to print comments.

+[no]statsThis query option toggles the

printing of statistics: when the query was made, the size of the reply

and so on. The default behavior is to print the query statistics.

+[no]qrPrint [do not print] the query as it is sent. By default, the query is not printed.

+[no]questionPrint [do not print] the

question section of a query when an answer is returned. The default is

to print the question section as a comment.

+[no]answerDisplay [do not display] the answer section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+[no]authorityDisplay [do not display] the authority section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+[no]additionalDisplay [do not display] the additional section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+[no]allSet or clear all display flags.

+time=TSets the timeout for a query to

T

seconds. The default timeout is 5 seconds. An attempt to set

T

to less than 1 will result in a query timeout of 1 second being applied.

+tries=TSets the number of times to try UDP queries to server to

T

instead of the default, 3. If

T

is less than or equal to zero, the number of tries is silently rounded up to 1.

+retry=TSets the number of times to retry UDP queries to server to

T

instead of the default, 2. Unlike

+tries, this does not include the initial query.

+ndots=DSet the number of dots that have to appear in

name

to

D

for it to be considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the ndots statement in

/etc/resolv.conf, or 1 if no ndots statement is present. Names

with fewer dots are interpreted as relative names and will be searched

for in the domains listed in the

search

or

domain

directive in

/etc/resolv.conf.

+bufsize=BSet the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to

Bbytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this buffer are 65535

and 0 respectively. Values outside this range are rounded up or down

appropriately. Values other than zero will cause a EDNS query to be

sent.

+edns=#Specify the EDNS version to query with. Valid values are 0 to 255. Setting the EDNS version will cause a EDNS query to be sent.

+noedns

clears the remembered EDNS version.

+[no]multilinePrint records like the SOA

records in a verbose multi-line format with human-readable comments.

The default is to print each record on a single line, to facilitate

machine parsing of the

dig

output.

+[no]failDo not try the next server if

you receive a SERVFAIL. The default is to not try the next server which

is the reverse of normal stub resolver behavior.

+[no]besteffortAttempt to display the contents of messages which are malformed. The default is to not display malformed answers.

+[no]dnssecRequests DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK bit (DO) in the OPT record in the additional section of the query.

+[no]sigchaseChase DNSSEC signature chains. Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.

+trusted-key=####Specifies a file containing trusted keys to be used with

+sigchase. Each DNSKEY record must be on its own line.

If not specified

dig

will look for

/etc/trusted-key.key

then

trusted-key.key

in the current directory.

Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.

+[no]topdownWhen chasing DNSSEC signature chains perform a top-down validation. Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.

+[no]nsidInclude an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.

MULTIPLE QUERIES

The BIND 9 implementation of

dig

supports specifying multiple queries on the command line (in addition to supporting the

-f

batch file option). Each of those queries can be supplied with its own set of flags, options and query options.

In this case, each

queryargument represent an individual query in the command-line

syntax described above. Each consists of any of the standard options

and flags, the name to be looked up, an optional query type and class

and any query options that should be applied to that query.

A global set of query options, which should be applied to all

queries, can also be supplied. These global query options must precede

the first tuple of name, class, type, options, flags, and query options

supplied on the command line. Any global query options (except the

+[no]cmd

option) can be overridden by a query-specific set of query options. For example:

dig +qr any -x 127.0.0.1 isc.org ns +noqr

shows how

dig

could be used from the command line to make three lookups: an ANY query for

, a reverse lookup of 127.0.0.1 and a query for the NS records of

isc.org. A global query option of

+qr

is applied, so that

dig

shows the initial query it made for each lookup. The final query has a local query option of

+noqr

which means that

dig

will not print the initial query when it looks up the NS records for

isc.org.

IDN SUPPORT

If

dig

has been built with IDN (internationalized domain name) support, it can accept and display non-ASCII domain names.

digappropriately converts character encoding of domain name

before sending a request to DNS server or displaying a reply from the

server. If you'd like to turn off the IDN support for some reason,

defines the

IDN_DISABLE

environment variable. The IDN support is disabled if the variable is set when

dig

runs.

FILES

/etc/resolv.conf

${HOME}/.digrc

SEE ALSO

(1),

(8),

(8),

RFC1035.

BUGS

There are probably too many query options.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright © 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")

Copyright © 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.