来源:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_transform
双线性变换(Bilinear transform)
The bilinear transform (also known as Tustin's
method) is used in digital signal processing and
discrete-time control theory to transform
continuous-time system representations to discrete-time and vice
versa. The bilinear transform is a conformal mapping, often used to convert a
transfer function
of a linear, time-invariant (LTI) filter in the continuous-time domain (often called an
analog filter) to a
transfer function
of a linear, shift-invariant filter in the discrete-time domain (often called a digital filter although there are analog
filters constructed with charge-coupled devices that are
discrete-time filters). It maps positions on the
axis,
, in the s-plane to the unit
circle,
, in the z-plane. Other bilinear transforms can be
used to warp the frequency response of any discrete-time
linear system (e.g., to approximate the human auditory's non-linear
frequency resolution) and are implementable in the discrete domain
by replacing a system's unit delays
with first order all-pass filters.
The transform preserves stability and maps every point of the frequency response of the continuous-time
filter,
to a corresponding point in the frequency response of the
discrete-time filter,
although to a somewhat different frequency, as shown in the
Frequency Warping section below. This means that for every feature
that one sees in the frequency response of the analog filter, there
is a corresponding feature, with identical gain and phase shift, in
the frequency response of the digital filter but, perhaps, at a
somewhat different frequency. This is barely noticeable at low
frequencies but is quite evident at frequencies close to the
Nyquist frequency.
The bilinear transform is a first-order approximation of the
natural logarithm function that is an exact mapping of the z-plane
to the s-plane. When the Laplace transform is performed on a
discrete-time signal (with each element of the discrete-time
sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse), the result is precisely
the Z transform of the
discrete-time sequence with the substitution of
where
is the sample time (the reciprocal
of the sampling
frequency) of the discrete-time filter. The above bilinear
approximation can be solved for
or a similar approximation for
can be performed.
The inverse of this mapping (and its first-order bilinear
approximation) is
The bilinear transform essentially uses this first order
approximation and substitutes into the continuous-time transfer
function,
That is
The bilinear transform is a special case of a conformal mapping, namely, the Möbius transformation defined as