一、 基本格式
# 示例一:
import requests
try: # 尝试进行下面操作,如果可以执行,就执行下面代码
ret = requests.get('http://www.google.com')
print(ret.text)
except Exception as e: # 如果不可以执行(平时会报错),这时不会报错,执行下面代码
print('请求异常')
# 示例二:
try:
v = []
v[11111] # IndexError类型的异常
except ValueError as e: # ValueError是一个类,继承Exception,只能捕获到ValueError类型的异常
pass
except IndexError as e: # IndexError是一个类,继承Exception,只能捕获到IndexError类型的异常
pass
except Exception as e: # Exception是一个类,可以捕获到所有异常
print(e) # e是Exception类的对象,存储了一个错误信息
finally
try:
int('asdf')
except Exception as e:
print(e)
finally:
print('最后无论对错都会执行')
# 特殊情况:
def func():
try:
int('asdf')
except Exception as e:
return 123
finally:
print('最后') # 无论对错,函数中遇到return,也会执行,执行完后再return
func()
建议:书写函数或功能时,建议用try包裹一下,避免报错
示例
# 1. 写函数,函数接受一个列表,请将列表中的元素每个都 +100
def func(arg):
result = []
for item in arg:
if item.isdecimal():
result.append(int(item) + 100)
return result
# 2. 写函数去,接受一个列表。列表中都是url,请访问每个地址并获取结果
import requests
def func1(url_list):
result = []
try:
for url in url_list:
response = requests.get(url)
result.append(response.text)
except Exception as e:
pass
return result
def func2(url_list):
result = []
for url in url_list:
try:
response = requests.get(url)
result.append(response.text)
except Exception as e:
pass
return result
# 这两个函数执行结果是不一样的,是try所处的位置不同导致的
func1(['http://www.baidu.com','http://www.google.com','http://www.bing.com'])
func2(['http://www.baidu.com','http://www.google.com','http://www.bing.com'])
二、 主动触发异常
try:
int('123')
raise Exception('XXX') # 代码中主动抛出异常
except Exception as e:
print(e) # XXX
示例:
def func():
result = True
try:
with open('x.log',mode='r',encoding='utf-8') as f:
data = f.read()
if 'alex' not in data:
raise Exception()
except Exception as e:
result = False
return result
三、 自定义异常
class MyException(Exception): # 自定义异常,继承Exception
pass
try:
raise MyException('asdf') # 主动触发自定义异常,只有自定义异常自己和Exception能捕获到
except MyException as e:
print(e)