python类是实例的工厂_python工厂模式实例详解

工厂方法模式(Factory Method Pattern)：

定义了一个创建对象的接口，但由子类决定要实例化类的哪一个;即通过子类来创建对象。

原则：

要依赖抽象，不要依赖具体类。

案例：

先解释什么是工厂：

如果你开一家Pizza店(PizzaStore抽象类)卖各种风味的Pizza(Pizza子类)，那么你需要根据客户要求准备相应的Pizza(创建Pizza对象)，然后烘烤、切片、包装;

最简单的做法就是在PizzaStore中根据客户要求(类型判断)创建相应的Pizza对象，然后调用Pizza自身(由Pizza抽象类实现)的烘烤、切片和包装方法;

但这样的代码缺乏弹性，因为你让一个抽象类去依赖具体的对象;我们可以创建一个工厂来生产Pizza，根据传入的不同类型值返回不同Pizza对象，即从PizzaStore中将创建对象的代码挪到工厂中。但这只是一个编程技巧，并不算模式。

在工厂方法模式中，我们在PizzaStore中定义一个抽象接口(create_pizza)作为抽象的工厂，而order_pizza是它的客户;将Pizza对象的创建放到PizzaStore子类去解决。

现有Cheese和Clam两款Pizza，以及NY和Chicago两家分店，每家店的同款Pizza的口味不同——为迎合当地口味做了改进，主要差别来自不同的原材料，因此我们实现四个Pizza类型(NYStyleCheesePizza、NYStyleClamPizza、ChicagoStyleCheesePizza和ChicagoStyleClamPizza)，每种使用不同的原材料组合，根据客户所在城市和选择款式我们创建不同的对象;根据工厂方法，我们将对象创建的代码放到PizzaStore子类去实现。

代码：

[Python] view plaincopy#!/usr/bin/python

class Pizza:

name = ""

dough = ""

sauce = ""

toppings = []

def prepare(self):

print "Preparing %s" % self.name

print " dough: %s" % self.dough

print " sauce: %s" % self.sauce

print " add toppings:"

for n in self.toppings:

print " %s" % n

def bake(self):

print "Bake for 25 minutes at 350."

def cut(self):

print "Cutting into diagonal slices."

def box(self):

print "Put into official box."

def get_name(self):

return self.name

class PizzaStore:

def order_pizza(self, pizza_type):

self.pizza = self.create_pizza(pizza_type)

self.pizza.prepare()

self.pizza.bake()

self.pizza.cut()

self.pizza.box()

return self.pizza

def create_pizza(self, pizza_type):

pass

class NYStyleCheesePizza(Pizza):

def __init__(self):

self.name = "NY Style Cheese Pizza"

self.dough = "NY Dough"

self.sauce = "NY Sauce"

self.toppings.append("NY toopping A")

self.toppings.append("NY toopping B")

class ChicagoStyleCheesePizza(Pizza):

def __init__(self):

self.name = "Chicago Style Cheese Pizza"

self.dough = "Chicago Dough"

self.sauce = "Chicago Sauce"

sefl.toppings.append("Chicago toopping A")

def cut(self):

print "Cutting into square slices."

class NYStyleClamPizza(Pizza):

def __init__(self):

self.name = "NY Style Clam Pizza"

self.dough = "NY Dough"

self.sauce = "NY Sauce"

self.toppings.append("NY toopping A")

self.toppings.append("NY toopping B")

class ChicagoStyleClamPizza(Pizza):

def __init__(self):

self.name = "Chicago Style Clam Pizza"

self.dough = "Chicago Dough"

self.sauce = "Chicago Sauce"

self.toppings.append("Chicago toopping A")

def cut(self):

print "Cutting into square slices."

class NYPizzaStore(PizzaStore):

def create_pizza(self, pizza_type):

if pizza_type == "cheese":

return NYStyleCheesePizza()

elif pizza_type == "clam":

return NYStyleClamPizza()

else:

return None

class ChicagoPizzaStore(PizzaStore):

def create_pizza(self, pizza_type):

if pizza_type == "cheese":

return ChicagoStyleCheesePizza()

elif pizza_type == "clam":

return ChicagoStyleClamPizza()

else:

return None

if __name__ == "__main__":

ny_store = NYPizzaStore()

chicago_store = ChicagoPizzaStore()

pizza = ny_store.order_pizza("cheese")

print "Mike ordered a %s." % pizza.get_name()

print

pizza = chicago_store.order_pizza("clam")

print "John ordered a %s." % pizza.get_name()

print

输出：

[plain] view plaincopyPreparing NY Style Cheese Pizza

dough: NY Dough

sauce: NY Sauce

add toppings:

NY toopping A

NY toopping B

Bake for 25 minutes at 350.

Cutting into diagonal slices.

Put into official box.

Mike ordered a NY Style Cheese Pizza.

Preparing Chicago Style Clam Pizza

dough: Chicago Dough

sauce: Chicago Sauce

add toppings:

NY toopping A

NY toopping B

Chicago toopping A

Bake for 25 minutes at 350.

Cutting into square slices.

Put into official box.

John ordered a Chicago Style Clam Pizza.