u-boot与linux内核交互,U-Boot与Linux内核的交互

说明：本文所使用的U-Boot的版本是1.1.6，平台是S3C2440。

目录

一、简介

1.1标记列表

二、设置标记存放的地址

2.1相关的结构体定义

2.2标记存放地址的设定

三、标记的设置

3.1设置标记ATAG_CORE

3.2设置内存标记ATAG_MEM

3.3设置命令行标记ATAG_CMDLINE

3.4设置ATAG_NONE

一、简介

U-Boot与Linux内核的交互是单向的，U-Boot将各类参数传递给讷河。由于他们不能同时运行，传递办法只能有一个个：U-Boot将参数放在某个约定的地方之后，在启动内核，内核启动后从这个地方获得参数。

1.1标记列表

除了约定好参数存放的地方外，还要规定参数的结构。Linux2.4.x以后的内核都以标记列表(tagged

list)的形式来传递参数。标记就是一种数据结构；标记列表就是挨着存放的多个标记。标记列表以标记ATAG_CORE开始，以ATAGE_NONE结束。

标记的数据结构为tag，它是偶一个tag_header结构和一个联合体(union)组成。tag_header结构体表示标记的类型及长度，比如是表示内存还是表示命令行参数等。对于不同类型的标记使用不同的联合体，比如表示内存=时使用tag_men32，表示命令行时使用tag_cmdline。其定定义在include/asm-arm/setup.c文件中。

/*

* The new way of passing information:

a list of tagged entries

*/

/* The list ends with an ATAG_NONE node.

*/

#define ATAG_NONE 0x00000000

struct tag_header {

u32 size;

u32 tag;

};

/* The list must start with an ATAG_CORE

node */

#define ATAG_CORE 0x54410001

struct tag_core {

u32 flags; /* bit 0 = read-only */

u32 pagesize;

u32 rootdev;

};

/* it is allowed to have multiple ATAG_MEM

nodes */

#define ATAG_MEM 0x54410002

struct tag_mem32 {

u32 size;

u32 start; /* physical start address

*/

};

/* VGA text type displays */

#define ATAG_VIDEOTEXT 0x54410003

struct tag_videotext {

u8 x;

u8 y;

u16 video_page;

u8 video_mode;

u8 video_cols;

u16 video_ega_bx;

u8 video_lines;

u8 video_isvga;

u16 video_points;

};

/* describes how the ramdisk will be

used in kernel */

#define ATAG_RAMDISK 0x54410004

struct tag_ramdisk {

u32 flags; /* bit 0 = load, bit 1

= prompt */

u32 size; /* decompressed ramdisk

size in _kilo_ bytes */

u32 start; /* starting block of floppy-based

RAM disk image */

};

/* describes where the compressed ramdisk

image lives (virtual address) */

/*

* this one accidentally used virtual

addresses - as such,

* its depreciated.

*/

#define ATAG_INITRD 0x54410005

/* describes where the compressed ramdisk

image lives (physical address) */

#define ATAG_INITRD2 0x54420005

struct tag_initrd {

u32 start; /* physical start address

*/

u32 size; /* size of compressed ramdisk

image in bytes */

};

/* board serial number. "64 bits

should be enough for everybody" */

#define ATAG_SERIAL 0x54410006

struct tag_serialnr {

u32 low;

u32 high;

};

/* board revision */

#define ATAG_REVISION 0x54410007

struct tag_revision {

u32 rev;

};

/* initial values for vesafb-type framebuffers.

see struct screen_info

* in include/linux/tty.h

*/

#define ATAG_VIDEOLFB 0x54410008

struct tag_videolfb {

u16 lfb_width;

u16 lfb_height;

u16 lfb_depth;

u16 lfb_linelength;

u32 lfb_base;

u32 lfb_size;

u8 red_size;

u8 red_pos;

u8 green_size;

u8 green_pos;

u8 blue_size;

u8 blue_pos;

u8 rsvd_size;

u8 rsvd_pos;

};

/* command line: \0 terminated string

*/

#define ATAG_CMDLINE 0x54410009

struct tag_cmdline {

char cmdline[1]; /* this is the minimum

size */

};

/* acorn RiscPC specific information

*/

#define ATAG_ACORN 0x41000101

struct tag_acorn {

u32 memc_control_reg;

u32 vram_pages;

u8 sounddefault;

u8 adfsdrives;

};

/* footbridge memory clock, see arch/arm/mach-footbridge/arch.c

*/

#define ATAG_MEMCLK 0x41000402

struct tag_memclk {

u32 fmemclk;

};

struct tag {

struct tag_header hdr;

union {

struct tag_core core;

struct tag_mem32 mem;

struct tag_videotext videotext;

struct tag_ramdisk ramdisk;

struct tag_initrd initrd;

struct tag_serialnr serialnr;

struct tag_revision revision;

struct tag_videolfb videolfb;

struct tag_cmdline cmdline;

/*

* Acorn specific

*/

struct tag_acorn acorn;

/*

* DC21285 specific

*/

struct tag_memclk memclk;

} u;

};

#define tag_next(t)

((struct tag *)((u32 *)(t) + (t)->hdr.size))

#define tag_size(type)

((sizeof(struct tag_header) + sizeof(struct

type))>> 2) //???

二、设置标记存放的地址

2.1相关的结构体定义

结构体bd中保存了标记存放的地址。bd结构体是gd结构体的一项，我们先看gd结构体，其定义在include/asm-arm/global_data.h文件中：

typedef struct global_data {

bd_t *bd;//开发板相关参数 ,结构体变量，参考u-boot.h

unsigned long flags;//指示标志，如设备已经初始化标志等

unsigned long baudrate;//串行口通讯速率

unsigned long have_console;

/* serial_init() was called 如果执行了该函数，则设置为1

*/

unsigned long reloc_off;

/*

*Relocation Offset 重定位偏移，就是实际定向的位置与编译连接时指定的位置之差，一般为0

*/

unsigned long env_addr; /* 环境参数地址*/

unsigned long env_valid; /* 环境参数CRC检验有效标志*/

unsigned long fb_base; /*帧缓冲区基地址*/

#ifdef CONFIG_VFD

unsigned char vfd_type; /* 显示类型*/

#endif

#if 0

unsigned long cpu_clk; /*cpu时钟*/

unsigned long bus_clk; //总线时钟

unsigned long ram_size; /* RAM size

*/

unsigned long reset_status; /* reset

status register at boot */

#endif

void **jt; /* jump table 跳转表，用来登记"函数调用地址"*/

} gd_t;

接来下我们来看一下bd结构体，这个结构体定义在include/asm-arm/u-boot.h文件中：

typedef struct bd_info {

int bi_baudrate; /* 串口波特率*/

unsigned long bi_ip_addr; /* IP 地址*/

unsigned char bi_enetaddr[6]; /* MAC地址*/

struct environment_s *bi_env;

ulong bi_arch_number; /* 板子的id*/

ulong bi_boot_params; /* 启动参数*/

struct /* RAM 配置*/

{

ulong start;

ulong size;

}bi_dram[CONFIG_NR_DRAM_BANKS];

#ifdef CONFIG_HAS_ETH1

/* second onboard ethernet port */

unsigned char bi_enet1addr[6];

#endif

} bd_t;

2.2标记存放地址的设定

在board/smdk2410/smdk2410.c的board_init

函数设置了bi_boot_params 参数：

int board_init (void)

{

S3C24X0_CLOCK_POWER * const clk_power

= S3C24X0_GetBase_CLOCK_POWER();//获取时钟和电源配置寄存器的第一个寄存器的地址，寄存器的地上是连续的

S3C24X0_GPIO * const gpio = S3C24X0_GetBase_GPIO();//获取GPIO配置寄存器的第一个寄存器的地址

/* to reduce PLL lock time, adjust

the LOCKTIME register */

clk_power->LOCKTIME = 0xFFFFFF;

/* configure MPLL */

clk_power->MPLLCON = ((M_MDIV <<

12) + (M_PDIV << 4) + M_SDIV);

/* some delay between MPLL and UPLL

*/

delay (4000);

/* configure UPLL */

clk_power->UPLLCON = ((U_M_MDIV

<< 12) + (U_M_PDIV << 4) + U_M_SDIV);

/* some delay between MPLL and UPLL

*/

delay (8000);

/* set up the I/O ports */

gpio->GPACON = 0x007FFFFF;

gpio->GPBCON = 0x00044555;

gpio->GPBUP = 0x000007FF;

gpio->GPCCON = 0xAAAAAAAA;

gpio->GPCUP = 0x0000FFFF;

gpio->GPDCON = 0xAAAAAAAA;

gpio->GPDUP = 0x0000FFFF;

gpio->GPECON = 0xAAAAAAAA;

gpio->GPEUP = 0x0000FFFF;

gpio->GPFCON = 0x000055AA;

gpio->GPFUP = 0x000000FF;

gpio->GPGCON = 0xFF95FFBA;

gpio->GPGUP = 0x0000FFFF;

gpio->GPHCON = 0x002AFAAA;

gpio->GPHUP = 0x000007FF;

/* arch number of SMDK2410-Board */

gd->bd->bi_arch_number = MACH_TYPE_SMDK2410;

/* adress of boot parameters */

gd->bd->bi_boot_params = 0x30000100;

icache_enable(); //调用cpu/arm920t/cpu.c中的函数

dcache_enable();

return 0;

}

三、标记的设置

U-Boot通过bootm命令引导Linux内核，bootm命令对吼调用do_bootm_linux函数来引导内核。在do_bootm_linux函数就设置了标记，该函数的定义在lib_arm/armlinux.c中：

void do_bootm_linux (cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp,

int flag, int argc, char *argv[],

ulong addr, ulong *len_ptr, int verify)

{

ulong len = 0, checksum;

ulong initrd_start, initrd_end;

ulong data;

void (*theKernel)(int zero, int arch,

uint params);

image_header_t *hdr = &header;

bd_t *bd = gd->bd;

#ifdef CONFIG_CMDLINE_TAG

char *commandline = getenv ("bootargs");

#endif

theKernel = (void (*)(int, int, uint))ntohl(hdr->ih_ep);

设置kernal加载地址

/*

* Check if there is an initrd image

*/

用户自定义了initrd之后需要加载进来，整个过程需要进行头部以及整个数据内部校，类似于内核的加载校验，这里省略了。

initial RAM disk　　Linux初始 RAM磁盘(initrd)是在系统引导过程中挂载的一个临时根文件系统，用来支持两阶段的引导过程。initrd文件中包含了各种可执行程序和驱动程序，它们可以用来挂载实际的根文件系统，然后再将这个

initrd RAM 磁盘卸载，并释放内存。在很多嵌入式Linux 系统中，initrd 就是最终的根文件系统。

if (argc >= 3) {

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (9);

addr = simple_strtoul (argv[2], NULL,

16);

printf ("## Loading Ramdisk Image

at %08lx ...\n", addr);

/* Copy header so we can blank CRC

field for re-calculation */

#ifdef CONFIG_HAS_DATAFLASH

if (addr_dataflash (addr)) {

read_dataflash (addr, sizeof (image_header_t),

(char *) &header);

} else

#endif

memcpy (&header, (char *) addr,

sizeof (image_header_t));

if (ntohl (hdr->ih_magic) != IH_MAGIC)

{

printf ("Bad Magic Number\n");

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (-10);

do_reset (cmdtp, flag, argc, argv);

}

data = (ulong) & header;

len = sizeof (image_header_t);

checksum = ntohl (hdr->ih_hcrc);

hdr->ih_hcrc = 0;

if (crc32 (0, (unsigned char *) data,

len) != checksum) {

printf ("Bad Header Checksum\n");

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (-11);

do_reset (cmdtp, flag, argc, argv);

}

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (10);

print_image_hdr (hdr);

data = addr + sizeof (image_header_t);

len = ntohl (hdr->ih_size);

#ifdef CONFIG_HAS_DATAFLASH

if (addr_dataflash (addr)) {

read_dataflash (data, len, (char *)

CFG_LOAD_ADDR);

data = CFG_LOAD_ADDR;

}

#endif

if (verify) {

ulong csum = 0;

printf (" Verifying Checksum

... ");

csum = crc32 (0, (unsigned char *)

data, len);

if (csum != ntohl (hdr->ih_dcrc))

{

printf ("Bad Data CRC\n");

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (-12);

do_reset (cmdtp, flag, argc, argv);

}

printf ("OK\n");

}

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (11);

if ((hdr->ih_os != IH_OS_LINUX)

||

(hdr->ih_arch != IH_CPU_ARM) ||

(hdr->ih_type != IH_TYPE_RAMDISK))

{

printf ("No Linux ARM Ramdisk

Image\n");

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (-13);

do_reset (cmdtp, flag, argc, argv);

}

#if defined(CONFIG_B2) || defined(CONFIG_EVB4510)

|| defined(CONFIG_ARMADILLO)

/*

*we need to copy the ramdisk to SRAM

to let Linux boot

*/

memmove ((void *) ntohl(hdr->ih_load),

(uchar *)data, len);

data = ntohl(hdr->ih_load);

#endif /* CONFIG_B2 || CONFIG_EVB4510

*/

/*

* Now check if we have a multifile

image

*/

} else if ((hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_MULTI)

&& (len_ptr[1])) {

ulong tail = ntohl (len_ptr[0]) %

4;

int i;

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (13);

/* skip kernel length and terminator

*/

data = (ulong) (&len_ptr[2]);

/* skip any additional image length

fields */

for (i = 1; len_ptr[i]; ++i)

data += 4;

/* add kernel length, and align */

data += ntohl (len_ptr[0]);

if (tail) {

data += 4 - tail;

}

len = ntohl (len_ptr[1]);

} else {

/*

* no initrd image

*/

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (14);

len = data = 0;

}

#ifdef DEBUG

if (!data) {

printf ("No initrd\n");

}

#endif

if (data) {

initrd_start = data;

initrd_end = initrd_start + len;

} else {

initrd_start = 0;

initrd_end = 0;

}

SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS (15);

debug ("## Transferring control

to Linux (at address %08lx) ...\n",

(ulong) theKernel);

#if defined (CONFIG_SETUP_MEMORY_TAGS)

|| \

defined (CONFIG_CMDLINE_TAG) || \

defined (CONFIG_INITRD_TAG) || \

defined (CONFIG_SERIAL_TAG) || \

defined (CONFIG_REVISION_TAG) || \

defined (CONFIG_LCD) || \

defined (CONFIG_VFD)

setup_start_tag (bd);设置各种tag，用于传递参数给Linux

#ifdef CONFIG_SERIAL_TAG

setup_serial_tag (?ms);

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_REVISION_TAG

setup_revision_tag (?ms);

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_SETUP_MEMORY_TAGS

setup_memory_tags (bd);

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_CMDLINE_TAG

setup_commandline_tag (bd, commandline);

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_INITRD_TAG

if (initrd_start && initrd_end)

setup_initrd_tag (bd, initrd_start,

initrd_end);

#endif

#if defined (CONFIG_VFD) || defined

(CONFIG_LCD)

setup_videolfb_tag ((gd_t *) gd);

#endif

setup_end_tag (bd);

#endif

/* we assume that the kernel is in

place */

printf ("\nStarting kernel ...\n\n");打印信息

#ifdef CONFIG_USB_DEVICE

{

extern void udc_disconnect (void);

udc_disconnect ();

}

#endif

cleanup_before_linux ();启动之前先做一些清理工作cpu/arm920t/cpu.c

调用内核需要传递的参数如下：

R0：必须为0

R1：机器类型ID，本机为ARM(bd->bi_arch_number)

R2：启动参数列表在内存中的位置(bd->bi_boot_params)

theKernel (0, bd->bi_arch_number,

bd->bi_boot_params);

}

3.1设置标记ATAG_CORE

标记列表以标记ATAG_CORE开始

static void setup_start_tag (bd_t *bd)

{

params = (struct tag *) bd->bi_boot_params;

params->hdr.tag = ATAG_CORE;

params->hdr.size = tag_size (tag_core);

params->u.core.flags = 0;

params->u.core.pagesize = 0;

params->u.core.rootdev = 0;

params = tag_next (params);//指向当前标记的末尾

}

3.2设置内存标记ATAG_MEM

在board/smdk2410/smdk2410.c的dram_init函数设置了bd的bi_dram结构体：

int dram_init (void

{

gd->bd->bi_dram[0].start = PHYS_SDRAM_1;

gd->bd->bi_dram[0].size = PHYS_SDRAM_1_SIZE;

return 0;

}

下面是这边内存标记的结构体：

static void setup_memory_tags (bd_t

*bd)

{

int i;

for (i = 0; i < CONFIG_NR_DRAM_BANKS;

i++) {

params->hdr.tag = ATAG_MEM;

params->hdr.size = tag_size (tag_mem32);

params->u.mem.start = bd->bi_dram[i].start;

params->u.mem.size = bd->bi_dram[i].size;

params = tag_next (params);

}

}

3.3设置命令行标记ATAG_CMDLINE

命令行就是一个字符串，用来控制内核的一些行为。比如“root=/dev/mtdblock2

init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0 ”表示根文件系统在MTD2分区上系统启动后执行的第一个程序为/linuxrc，控制台是ttySAC0

。

static void setup_commandline_tag (bd_t

*bd, char *commandline)

{

char *p;

if (!commandline)

return;

/* eat leading white space */

for (p = commandline; *p == ' '; p++);

/* skip non-existent command lines

so the kernel will still

* use its default command line.

*/

if (*p == '\0')

return;

params->hdr.tag = ATAG_CMDLINE;

params->hdr.size =

(sizeof (struct tag_header) + strlen

(p) + 1 + 4) >> 2;

strcpy (params->u.cmdline.cmdline,

p);

params = tag_next (params);

}

3.4设置ATAG_NONE

标记列表以标记ATAG_NONE介绍。

static void setup_end_tag (bd_t *bd)

{

params->hdr.tag = ATAG_NONE;

params->hdr.size = 0;