python怎么创建关键字_如何使用数据类创建“仅关键字”字段？ - python

Since 3.0支持仅使参数关键字:

class S3Obj:

def __init__(self, bucket, key, *, storage_class='Standard'):

self.bucket = bucket

self.key = key

self.storage_class = storage_class

如何使用dataclasses获得这种签名？这样的东西，但最好没有SyntaxError:

@dataclass

class S3Obj:

bucket: str

key: str

*

storage_class: str = 'Standard'

理想的情况是声明性的，但是使用__post_init__钩子和/或替换类装饰器也可以-只要代码可重用即可。

编辑:也许像这样的语法，使用省略号

@mydataclass

class S3Obj:

bucket: str

key: str

...

storage_class: str = 'Standard'

参考方案

这样做时，您不会从dataclasses获得太多帮助。没有办法说一个字段应该由仅关键字参数初始化，而__post_init__钩子不知道原始构造函数参数是否由关键字传递。此外，也没有很好的方法来反射Reflection InitVar，更不用说将InitVar标记为仅关键字。

至少，您必须替换生成的__init__。可能最简单的方法是手动定义__init__。如果您不想这样做，则最可靠的方法可能是创建字段对象，并在metadata中将它们标记为kwonly，然后在自己的装饰器中检查元数据。这比听起来还要复杂:

import dataclasses

import functools

import inspect

# Helper to make calling field() less verbose

def kwonly(default=dataclasses.MISSING, **kwargs):

kwargs.setdefault('metadata', {})

kwargs['metadata']['kwonly'] = True

return dataclasses.field(default=default, **kwargs)

def mydataclass(_cls, *, init=True, **kwargs):

if _cls is None:

return functools.partial(mydataclass, **kwargs)

no_generated_init = (not init or '__init__' in _cls.__dict__)

_cls = dataclasses.dataclass(_cls, **kwargs)

if no_generated_init:

# No generated __init__. The user will have to provide __init__,

# and they probably already have. We assume their __init__ does

# what they want.

return _cls

fields = dataclasses.fields(_cls)

if any(field.metadata.get('kwonly') and not field.init for field in fields):

raise TypeError('Non-init field marked kwonly')

# From this point on, ignore non-init fields - but we don't know

# about InitVars yet.

init_fields = [field for field in fields if field.init]

for i, field in enumerate(init_fields):

if field.metadata.get('kwonly'):

first_kwonly = field.name

num_kwonly = len(init_fields) - i

break

else:

# No kwonly fields. Why were we called? Assume there was a reason.

return _cls

if not all(field.metadata.get('kwonly') for field in init_fields[-num_kwonly:]):

raise TypeError('non-kwonly init fields following kwonly fields')

required_kwonly = [field.name for field in init_fields[-num_kwonly:]

if field.default is field.default_factory is dataclasses.MISSING]

original_init = _cls.__init__

# Time to handle InitVars. This is going to get ugly.

# InitVars don't show up in fields(). They show up in __annotations__,

# but the current dataclasses implementation doesn't understand string

# annotations, and we want an implementation that's robust against

# changes in string annotation handling.

# We could inspect __post_init__, except there doesn't have to be a

# __post_init__. (It'd be weird to use InitVars with no __post_init__,

# but it's allowed.)

# As far as I can tell, that leaves inspecting __init__ parameters as

# the only option.

init_params = tuple(inspect.signature(original_init).parameters)

if init_params[-num_kwonly] != first_kwonly:

# InitVars following kwonly fields. We could adopt a convention like

# "InitVars after kwonly are kwonly" - in fact, we could have adopted

# "all fields after kwonly are kwonly" too - but it seems too likely

# to cause confusion with inheritance.

raise TypeError('InitVars after kwonly fields.')

# -1 to exclude self from this count.

max_positional = len(init_params) - num_kwonly - 1

@functools.wraps(original_init)

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):

if len(args) > max_positional:

raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')

check_required_kwargs(kwargs, required_kwonly)

return original_init(self, *args, **kwargs)

_cls.__init__ = __init__

return _cls

def check_required_kwargs(kwargs, required):

# Not strictly necessary, but if we don't do this, error messages for

# required kwonly args will list them as positional instead of

# keyword-only.

missing = [name for name in required if name not in kwargs]

if not missing:

return

# We don't bother to exactly match the built-in logic's exception

raise TypeError(f"__init__ missing required keyword-only argument(s): {missing}")

用法示例:

@mydataclass

class S3Obj:

bucket: str

key: str

storage_class: str = kwonly('Standard')

这已经过一些测试，但是没有我想要的彻底。

您无法获得使用...提议的语法，因为...不会执行元类或装饰器可以看到的任何操作。您可以通过实际触发名称查找或赋值的东西(例如kwonly_start = True)获得非常接近的东西，以便元类可以看到它的发生。但是，由于许多事情需要专门处理，因此编写此函数的可靠实现很复杂。如果不仔细处理，继承，typing.ClassVar，dataclasses.InitVar，批注中的前向引用等都将导致问题。继承可能导致最多的问题。

无法处理所有杂乱无章的概念验证可能看起来像这样:

# Does not handle inheritance, InitVar, ClassVar, or anything else

# I'm forgetting.

class POCMetaDict(dict):

def __setitem__(self, key, item):

# __setitem__ instead of __getitem__ because __getitem__ is

# easier to trigger by accident.

if key == 'kwonly_start':

self['__non_kwonly'] = len(self['__annotations__'])

super().__setitem__(key, item)

class POCMeta(type):

@classmethod

def __prepare__(cls, name, bases, **kwargs):

return POCMetaDict()

def __new__(cls, name, bases, classdict, **kwargs):

classdict.pop('kwonly_start')

non_kwonly = classdict.pop('__non_kwonly')

newcls = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, classdict, **kwargs)

newcls = dataclass(newcls)

if non_kwonly is None:

return newcls

original_init = newcls.__init__

@functools.wraps(original_init)

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):

if len(args) > non_kwonly:

raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')

return original_init(self, *args, **kwargs)

newcls.__init__ = __init__

return newcls

你会用它像

class S3Obj(metaclass=POCMeta):

bucket: str

key: str

kwonly_start = True

storage_class: str = 'Standard'

这未经测试。

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