从Python3.6开始,引入了一个新的格式化字符串方式:f-strings。它与之前的格式化方法相比,更具可读性,代码更简洁,不易出错,并且速度更快。
python之前的格式化字符串方式
在python3.6之前,主要有两种方式格式化字符串:%-formatting 和 str.format()。
%-formatting
这是python最开始内置的格式化方式,但现在它已不被官方推荐使用,因为它容易引发错误。>>> name = "zh"
>>> "Hello, %s" % name
'Hello, zh'
要想替换多个值可以使用元组>>> name = "zh"
>>> age = 32
>>> "Hello, %s. You are %s." % (name, age)
'Hello, zh. You are 32.'
%-formatting不友好的方面
上面的代码可读性不错,但是当我们需要在一个长的字符串中替换多个参数,它将变得不可读,且容易出错。>>> first_name = "z"
>>> last_name = "h"
>>> age = 32
>>> profession = "it"
>>> affiliation = "python"
>>> "Hello, %s %s. You are %s. You are a %s. You were a member of %s." % (first_name, last_name, age, profession, affiliation)
'Hello, z h. You are 32. You are a it. You were a member of python.'
str.format()
这种方式在python2.6中引进,是对%-formatting的改良。它使用普通方法调用的语法,并且可以使用对象__format__()方法进行扩展。
在 str.format() 中,需要替换的字段使用大括号标记>>> "Hello, {}. You are {}".format(name, age)
'Hello, zh. You are 32'
可以使用索引来改变替换的顺序>>> "Hello, {1}. You are {0}".format(age, name)
'Hello, zh. You are 32'
如果你想使用参数名称,只需在大括号中填写参数名,这样可读性更强>>> person = {'name': 'zh', 'age': 32}
>>> "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(name=person['name'], age=person['age'])
'Hello, zh. You are 32.'
当然,使用 ** 解包字典更方便>>> person = {'name': 'zh', 'age': 32}
>>> "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(**person)
'Hello, zh. You are 32.'
str.format() 于 %-formatting 相比绝对是一种升级,更易使用,代码可读性更强。
新的改良方式:f-strings
一种更简单的方式,要想使用,确保 python 版本是 3.6+。
f-strings是以f开头的字符串,中间需要被替换的字段使用大括号表示。f-strings是运行时解析,所以在大括号中可以使用python表达式。
使用方式与 str.format() 类似>>> name = "zh"
>>> age = 32
>>> f"Hello, {name}. You are {age}."
'Hello, zh. You are 32.'
大写F也可以>>> name = "zh"
>>> age = 32
>>> F"Hello, {name}. You are {age}."
'Hello, zh. You are 32.'
使用python表达式
可以直接做些简单的事情>>> f"{2 * 3}"
'6'
调用函数>>> def to_lowercase(src):
return src.lower()
>>> name = "ZH"
>>> f"{to_lowercase(name)} if funny."
'zh if funny.'
也可以直接调用对象的方法>>> name = "ZH"
>>> f"{name.lower()} is funny."
'zh is funny.'
f-strings 也可以作用在类对象上>>> class Person:
def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, age):
self.first_name = first_name
self.last_name = last_name
self.age = age
def __str__(self):
return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name} is {self.age}."
def __repr__(self):
return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name} is {self.age}. Surprise!"
>>> person = Person("z", "h", 32)
>>> f"{person}"
'z h is 32.'
正常情况下 __str__() 返回对象可读的信息,__repr__() 返回对象明确的信息,str() 和 repr() 分别对应这两种方法。
f-strings 默认是使用 __str__() 方法,如果你想使用 __repr__() 方法,需要明确指定 !r。>>> person = Person("z", "h", 32)
>>> f"{person}"
'z h is 32.'
>>> f"{person!r}"
'z h is 32. Surprise!'
多行字符串
在多行字符串中,每行字符串前都必须以f开头>>> name = "zh"
>>> age = 32
>>> affiliation = "python"
>>> message = (
f"Hi {name}"
f"You are {age}"
f"You were in {affiliation}"
)
>>> message
'Hi zhYou are 32You were in python'
不加会原样输出>>> message = (
f"Hi {name}"
"You are {age}"
"You were in {affiliation}"
)
>>> message
'Hi zhYou are {age}You were in {affiliation}'
当然多行字符串仍然可以使用 \>>> message = f"Hi {name}. " \
f"You are {age}. " \
f"You were in {affiliation}."
>>> message
'Hi zh. You are 32. You were in python.'
f-strings 也可以配置 """ 使用>>> message = f"""
Hi {name}.
You are {age}.
You were in {affiliation}.
"""
>>> message
'\n\tHi zh.\n\tYou are 32.\n\tYou were in python.\n\t'
更快的速度
f-strings 比 %-formatting 和 str.format() 都要快。f-strings 在运行时解析表达式,而不是作为常量值。
运行时,大括号内的表达式被解析求值,然后与 f-strings 字符串中其余部分放一起,并返回。
对比三种方式的速度>>> import timeit
>>> timeit.timeit("""name = "zh"
age = 32
"%s is %s." % (name, age)""")
0.2921929999999975
>>> timeit.timeit("""name = "zh"
age = 32
"{} is {}".format(name, age)""")
0.27604440000004615
>>> timeit.timeit("""name = "zh"
age = 32
f'{name} is {age}'""")
0.20125310000003083
默认运行次数 number=1000000 ,可以看到 f-strings 时最快的。
总结:
你可以继续使用以前的格式化字符串方法,但 f-strings 更容易使用,阅读性更强,并且速度更快,不易出错。如果你的 Python 3.6+ ,你应该尝试用它完成工作。