python对象构造_Python 3对象构造：哪种是最Pythonic /公认的方式？

Having a background in Java, which is very verbose and strict, I find the ability to mutate Python objects as to give them with fields other than those presented to the constructor really "ugly".

Trying to accustom myself to a Pythonic way of thinking, I'm wondering how I should allow my objects to be constructed.

My instinct is to have to pass the fields at construction time, such as:

def __init__(self, foo, bar, baz=None):

self.foo = foo

self.bar = bar

self.baz = baz

But that can become overly verbose and confusing with many fields to pass. To overcome this I assume the best method is to pass one dictionary to the constructor, from which the fields are extracted:

def __init__(self, field_map):

self.foo = field_map["foo"]

self.bar = field_map["bar"]

self.baz = field_map["baz"] if baz in field_map else None

The other mechanism I can think of is to have the fields added elsewhere, such as:

class Blah(object):

def __init__(self):

pass

...

blah = Blah()

blah.foo = var1

But as that feels way too loose for me.

(I suppose the issue in my head is how I deal with interfaces in Python...)

So, to reiterate the question: How I should construct my objects in Python? Is there an accepted convention?

解决方案

The first you describe is very common. Some use the shorter

class Foo:

def __init__(self, foo, bar):

self.foo, self.bar = foo, bar

Your second approach isn't common, but a similar version is this:

class Thing:

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

self.something = kwargs['something']

#..

which allows to create objects like

t = Thing(something=1)

This can be further modified to

class Thing:

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

self.__dict__.update(kwargs)

allowing

t = Thing(a=1, b=2, c=3)

print t.a, t.b, t.c # prints 1, 2, 3

As Debilski points out in the comments, the last method is a bit unsafe, you can add a list of accepted parameters like this:

class Thing:

keywords = 'foo', 'bar', 'snafu', 'fnord'

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

for kw in self.keywords:

setattr(self, kw, kwargs[kw])

There are many variations, there is no common standard that I am aware of.