oracle mysql mssql_使用sql获取各数据库(MySQL、PostgreSQL、Oracle、MsSQL)的表结构

通常我们提到数据库表结构的时候，比较关心的几个属性：

字段名称、类型、长度、是否主键、是否自增、是否为空、默认值、备注。

那么，使用SQL语句获取这些属性，在各主流数据库下是什么样的呢？

MySQL数据库

作为时下最流行的数据库，MySQL的获取SQL是最简单的。

一般我们用下面一行语句就能搞定：

SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM xxx;

当然，也可以用MySQL自带的数据库information_schema中的表，例如：columns等查询更全的信息。

PostgreSQL数据库

使用其两个最重要的Schema(information_schema、pg_catalog)下表，进行关联查询，获取常用属性。

SELECT d.column_name AS "Field", d.udt_name AS "Type", COALESCE(d.character_maximum_length, d.numeric_precision, d.datetime_precision) AS "Length",

CASE WHEN t.conname IS NOT NULL THEN 'PRI' ELSE '' END AS "Key",

CASE WHEN s.extra IS NOT NULL THEN 'auto_increment' ELSE '' END "Extra",

d.is_nullable AS "Null", f.adsrc AS "Default", col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) AS "Comment"

FROM information_schema.columns d, pg_class c, pg_attribute a

LEFT JOIN pg_constraint t ON (a.attrelid = t.conrelid AND t.contype = 'p' AND a.attnum = t.conkey[1])

LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef f ON (a.attrelid = f.adrelid AND a.attnum = f.adnum)

LEFT JOIN (SELECT 'nextval(''' || c.relname || '''::regclass)' AS extra FROM pg_class c WHERE c.relkind = 'S') s ON f.adsrc = s.extra

WHERE a.attrelid = c.oid

AND a.attnum > 0

AND c.relname = d.table_name

AND d.column_name = a.attname

AND c.relname = 'xxx'

ORDER BY a.attnum;

Oracle数据库

系统表：user_col_comments能提供大部分信息，只有：备注(Comment)、主键(Key)需要关联其他表进行获取。

SELECT t.column_name AS "Field", t.data_type AS "Type", t.data_length AS "Length",

CASE WHEN k.column_name IS NOT NULL THEN 'PRI' ELSE '' END AS "Key",

CASE WHEN t.identity_column = 'YES' THEN 'auto_increment' ELSE '' END AS "Extra",

CASE WHEN t.nullable = 'N' THEN 'NO' ELSE 'YES' END AS "Null",

t.data_default AS "Default", c.comments AS "Comment"

FROM user_col_comments c, user_tab_cols t

LEFT JOIN (

SELECT u.table_name, c.column_name

FROM user_constraints u, user_cons_columns c

WHERE u.table_name = c.table_name

AND u.constraint_name = c.constraint_name

AND u.constraint_type = 'P') k ON t.table_name = k.table_name AND t.column_name = k.column_name

WHERE t.table_name = c.table_name

AND t.column_name = c.column_name

AND t.table_name = 'xxx'

ORDER BY t.column_id;

MsSQL数据库

MsSQL即SQL Server数据库。MsSQL相对更加复杂一些，关联的系统表也最多。

SELECT a.name AS 'Field', b.name AS 'Type', COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id,a.name,'PRECISION') AS 'Length',

CASE WHEN p.name IS NOT NULL THEN 'PRI' ELSE '' END 'Key',

CASE WHEN COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id, a.name, 'IsIdentity') = 1 THEN 'auto_increment' ELSE '' END AS 'Extra',

CASE WHEN a.isnullable=1 THEN 'YES' ELSE 'NO' END AS 'Null',

e.text AS 'Default', g.[value] AS 'Comment'

FROM sysobjects d, syscolumns a

LEFT JOIN systypes b ON a.xusertype = b.xusertype

LEFT JOIN syscomments e ON a.cdefault = e.id

LEFT JOIN sys.extended_properties g ON (a.id = G.major_id AND a.colid = g.minor_id)

LEFT JOIN (

SELECT s.name, k.id, k.colid FROM sysindexkeys k, sysindexes i, sysobjects s

WHERE k.indid = i.indid

AND s.name = i.name

AND s.xtype = 'PK'

) p ON (p.id = a.id AND p.colid = a.colid)

WHERE d.id = a.id

AND d.xtype = 'U'

AND d.name = 'xxx'

ORDER BY a.colorder;

注：以上均参考MySQL的属性名输出。xxx为需要查询的表名。