计算机操作员if函数怎么用,密码学外文文献及译文.doc

外文文献：

1.Introduction

Cryptography is the science of keeping secrets secret.Assume a sender referred to here and in what follows as Alice(as is commonly used)wants tosend a message m to a receiver referred to as Bob. She uses an insecure communication channel.For example,the channel could be a computer network or a telephone line.There is a problem if the message contains confidential information. The message could be intercepted and read by an eavesdropper.Or,even worse,the adversary,as usual referred to here as Eve,might be able to modify the message during transmission in such a way that the legitimate recipient Bob does not detect the manipulation.

One objective of cryptography is to provide methods for preventing such attacks.Other objectives are discussed in Section 1.2.

1.1 Encryption and Secrecy

The fundamental and classical task of cryptography is to provide confidentiality by encryption methods.The message to be transmitted–it can be some text,numerical data,an executable program or any other kind of information–is called the plaintext.Alice encrypts the plaintext m and obtains the ciphertext c.The ciphertext c is transmitted to Bob.Bob turns the ciphertext back into the plaintext by decryption.To decrypt,Bob needs some secret information,a secret decryption key. Adversary Eve still may intercept the ciphertext.

However,the encryption should guarantee secrecy and prevent her from deriving any information about the plaintext from the observed ciphertext.

Encryption is very old.For example,Caesar’s shift cipher was introduced more than 2000 years ago.Every encryption method provides an encryption algorithm E and a decryption algorithm D.In classical encryption schemes,both algorithms depend on the same secret key .This key k is used for both encryption and decryption.These encryption methods are therefore called symmetric.For example,in Caesar’s cipher the secret key is the offset of the shift.We have

Symmetric encryption and the important examples DES(d