一、前言
- java8中,Lambda表达式是匿名函数的一种语法糖,简化了匿名内部类的冗杂代码
- java8中,每一个Lambda表达式必须有一个函数式接口与之对应
二、语法
三、使用举例
前置:函数式接口
//数学操作
@FunctionalInterface
public interface MathOperation {
int operation(int a, int b);
//默认实现
default int addition(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
}
- 声明参数类型
MathOperation addition = (int a, int b) -> a + b;
- 不声明参数类型
java MathOperation subtraction = (a, b) -> a - b;
- 返回语句块
MathOperation multiplication = (a, b) -> {
System.out.println("this is multiplication");
return a * b;
};
- 配合Predicate
//筛选符合predicate的值
private static void filter(List<Integer> list, Predicate<Integer> predicate) {
for (Integer n : list) {
if (predicate.apply(n)) {
System.out.print(n + " ");
}
}
}
//筛选出1到5之间的偶数
filter(ImmutableList.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), (n) -> n != null && n % 2 == 0)
//输出:2 4
四、注意事项:
- 不能在lambda内部修改定义在域外的变量,可以读取
int a = 0;
new Thread(
() -> a++
//Variable used in lambda expression should be final or effectively final
).start();
- 当代码体不修改Lambda表达式提供的参数时候,代码体可以替换为方法引用,如果修改参数的时候只能使用Lambda表达式
List<String> aList = ImmutableList.of("1", "2", "3");
aList.forEach(string -> System.out.println(string));
aList.forEach(System.out::println);//可以使用方法引用
aList.forEach(string -> System.out.println("value:" + string))//只能使用Lambda表达式
五、原理介绍
1、测试源码
public class LambdaTest1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(
() -> System.out.println("this is lambda")
);
}
}
2、反编译字节码私有成员
结果如下:
public class com.xin.lambda.LambdaTest1 {
public com.xin.lambda.LambdaTest1();
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
private static void lambda$main$0();
}
从反编译结果中可以看到,测试类中增加了一个私有静态方法lambda$main$0()。这一私有静态方法提供给main方法调用,这种实现方式和匿名内部类差别较大,后者编译后生成两个class文件。
3、查看更详细的字节码信息
Classfile /C:/Users/69040/Desktop/LambdaTest1.class
Last modified 2018-8-23; size 1184 bytes
MD5 checksum ea1e2b1d14787a49549f6984174f1b37
Compiled from "LambdaTest1.java"
public class com.xin.lambda.LambdaTest1
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #9.#24 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #25 // java/lang/Thread
#3 = InvokeDynamic #0:#30 // #0:run:()Ljava/lang/Runnable;
#4 = Methodref #2.#31 // java/lang/Thread."<init>":(Ljava/lang/Runnable;)V
#5 = Fieldref #32.#33 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#6 = String #34 // this is lambda
#7 = Methodref #35.#36 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#8 = Class #37 // com/xin/lambda/LambdaTest1
#9 = Class #38 // java/lang/Object
#10 = Utf8 <init>
#11 = Utf8 ()V
#12 = Utf8 Code
#13 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#14 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
#15 = Utf8 this
#16 = Utf8 Lcom/xin/lambda/LambdaTest1;
#17 = Utf8 main
#18 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#19 = Utf8 args
#20 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
#21 = Utf8 lambda$main$0
#22 = Utf8 SourceFile
#23 = Utf8 LambdaTest1.java
#24 = NameAndType #10:#11 // "<init>":()V
#25 = Utf8 java/lang/Thread
#26 = Utf8 BootstrapMethods
#27 = MethodHandle #6:#39 // invokestatic java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory.metafactory:(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;
#28 = MethodType #11 // ()V
#29 = MethodHandle #6:#40 // invokestatic com/xin/lambda/LambdaTest1.lambda$main$0:()V
#30 = NameAndType #41:#42 // run:()Ljava/lang/Runnable;
#31 = NameAndType #10:#43 // "<init>":(Ljava/lang/Runnable;)V
#32 = Class #44 // java/lang/System
#33 = NameAndType #45:#46 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#34 = Utf8 this is lambda
#35 = Class #47 // java/io/PrintStream
#36 = NameAndType #48:#49 // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#37 = Utf8 com/xin/lambda/LambdaTest1
#38 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#39 = Methodref #50.#51 // java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory.metafactory:(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;
#40 = Methodref #8.#52 // com/xin/lambda/LambdaTest1.lambda$main$0:()V
#41 = Utf8 run
#42 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/Runnable;
#43 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/Runnable;)V
#44 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#45 = Utf8 out
#46 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#47 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#48 = Utf8 println
#49 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)V
#50 = Class #53 // java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory
#51 = NameAndType #54:#58 // metafactory:(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;
#52 = NameAndType #21:#11 // lambda$main$0:()V
#53 = Utf8 java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory
#54 = Utf8 metafactory
#55 = Class #60 // java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup
#56 = Utf8 Lookup
#57 = Utf8 InnerClasses
#58 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;
#59 = Class #61 // java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles
#60 = Utf8 java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup
#61 = Utf8 java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles
{
public com.xin.lambda.LambdaTest1();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 11: 0
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Lcom/xin/lambda/LambdaTest1;
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=1, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class java/lang/Thread
3: dup
4: invokedynamic #3, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:run:()Ljava/lang/Runnable;
9: invokespecial #4 // Method java/lang/Thread."<init>":(Ljava/lang/Runnable;)V
12: pop
13: return
LineNumberTable:
line 13: 0
line 16: 13
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 14 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
}
SourceFile: "LambdaTest1.java"
InnerClasses:
public static final #56= #55 of #59; //Lookup=class java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup of class java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles
BootstrapMethods:
0: #27 invokestatic java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory.metafactory:(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;
Method arguments:
#28 ()V
#29 invokestatic com/xin/lambda/LambdaTest1.lambda$main$0:()V
#28 ()V
- 代码中使用Lambda表达式的语句被编译成“ 4: invokedynamic #3, 0”,指向常量池#3位置
- invokedynamic在JVM规范中有如下规定
1、操作码:
invokedynamic = 186 (0xba)
2、参数:
indexbyte1 indexbyte2 0 0,前两个参数构造索引((indexbyte1 << 8) | indexbyte2),后两个参数必须为0。(the unsigned indexbyte1 and indexbyte2 are used to construct an index into the run-time constant pool of the current class (§2.6), where the value of the index is (indexbyte1 << 8) | indexbyte2. The run-time constant pool item at that index must be a symbolic reference to a call site specifier (§5.1). The values of the third and fourth operand bytes must always be zero. )
3、索引指向的常量池项的类型为CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info
- CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info
1、定义:
CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info {
u1 tag;
u2 bootstrap_method_attr_index;
u2 name_and_type_index;
}
2、参数:
bootstrap_method_attr_index:索引bootstrap_methods
name_and_type_index:索引类常量池里的CONSTANT_NameAndType_info
本例中常量池#3为:" #3 = InvokeDynamic #0:#30 "
即
bootstrap_method_attr_index为#0
name_and_type_index为#30,其内容为"NameAndType #41:#42",跟下去后可以得出结果,这里描述的是Lambda表达式需要调用的函数:"java/lang/Runnable.run()"
3、JVM规定:
如果类常量池中存在CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info,那么必须有且仅有一个BootstrapMethods_attribute。(There must be exactly one BootstrapMethods attribute in the attributes table of a given ClassFile structure if the constant_pool table of the ClassFile structure has at least one CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info entry (§4.4.10). There can be no more than one BootstrapMethods attribute in the attributes table of a given ClassFile structure. )在反编译文件末尾可以看到的确有且仅有一个BootstrapMethods。
4、作用:
在java7中引入,主要作用给invokedynamic指令制定启动方法
- BootstrapMethods_attribute
1、定义:
BootstrapMethods_attribute {
u2 attribute_name_index;
u4 attribute_length;
u2 num_bootstrap_methods;
{ u2 bootstrap_method_ref;
u2 num_bootstrap_arguments;
u2 bootstrap_arguments[num_bootstrap_arguments];
} bootstrap_methods[num_bootstrap_methods];
}
2、参数:
每一个BootstrapMethod都包含一个bootstrap_method_ref和n个bootstrap_arguments
本例中:
bootstrap_method_ref指向常量池#27,值为“MethodHandle #6:#39”,继续查看jvm规范,
MethodHandle含有两个参数reference_kind、reference_index,reference_kind值为6,意思是REF_invokeStatic,reference_index为39,即常量池#39位置,内容为“Methodref #50.#51”,表明这里调用的是java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory.metafactory()
- metafactory函数 1、源码如下
public static CallSite metafactory(MethodHandles.Lookup caller,
String invokedName,
MethodType invokedType,
MethodType samMethodType,
MethodHandle implMethod,
MethodType instantiatedMethodType)
throws LambdaConversionException {
AbstractValidatingLambdaMetafactory mf;
mf = new InnerClassLambdaMetafactory(caller, invokedType,
invokedName, samMethodType,
implMethod, instantiatedMethodType,
false, EMPTY_CLASS_ARRAY, EMPTY_MT_ARRAY);
mf.validateMetafactoryArgs();
return mf.buildCallSite();
2、参数: caller、invokedName、invokedType都由jvm生成,invokedName和invokedType分别是由动态调用点的NameAndType生成,samMethodType和instantiatedMethodType表示该函数式接口的方法描述符,implMethod最为重要,指用户实现的Lambda方法,本例为:com.xin.lambda.LambdaTest1.lambda$main$0()void/invokeStatic
3、代码快速解读:
metafactory()核心要生成CallSite,这个任务主要由InnerClassLambdaMetafactory的buildCallSite()完成,buildCallSite()继续调用spinInnerClass()函数,spinInnerClass函数用字节码工具在内存中生成一个类。
4、到此Lambda表达式的脱糖过程结束
六、结论
以上简单的分析了Lambda表达式的脱糖过程,还有很多细节需要各位大神去研究,总之,Lambda表达式的实现原理依然是基于内部类的方式。