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? 2000 McGraw-Hill

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with

Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 1

Chapter 1

Introduction to Object-oriented Programming

and

Software Development

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 2

Chapter 1 Objectives

After you have read and studied this chapter,you

should be able to

Name the basic components of object-oriented

programming.

Differentiate classes and objects.

Differentiate class and instance methods.

Differentiate class and instance data values.

Draw object diagrams using icons for classes,objects,

and other components of object-oriented programming.

Describe the significance of inheritance in object-

oriented programs.

Name and explain the stages of the software life cycle.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 3

Classes and Objects

Object-oriented programs use objects.

An object is a thing,both tangible and intangible,

Account,Vehicle,Employee,etc.

To create an object inside the computer program,we

must provide a definition for objects—how they

behave and what kinds of information they maintain

—called a class.

An object is called an instance of a class.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 4

Graphical Representation of an Object

Account

SV129

The class name is

placed inside the

object icon.

The object’s name

appears on top of the

icon.

An icon for an object is

the rounded rectangle.

The class name may be

omitted when it is clear

from the context which

class the object belongs to.

customer1

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 5

Graphical Representation of a Class

Account

The class name

appears on top of the

icon.

An icon for a class is the

rectangle.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 6

Instance-of Relationship

Employee

Employee

Bill

Employee

Steve

Employee

Andy

The class name can be

omitted since it is clear

which class these

objects belong to,

The dotted line shows

the instance-of

relationship.

Before you can create

instances of a class,the

class must be defined.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 7

Messages and Methods

To instruct a class or an object to perform a task,we

send a message to it.

You can send a message only to the classes and

objects that understand the message you sent to

them.

A class or an object must possess a matching method

to be able to handle the received message.

A method defined for a class is called a class method,

and a method defined for an object is called an

instance method.

A value we pass to an object when sending a

message is called an argument of the message.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 8

Sending a Message

Message deposit with

the argument 250.00 is

sent to chk-008.

Account

chk-008

deposit

deposit 250.00

Message name is usually

omitted in the diagram.

deposit

250.00

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 9

Sending a Message and Getting an Answer

This message has no

argument.

Account

chk-008

getMonthlyFee

monthly fee

The method returns the

value monthly fee back

to the message sender.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 10

Calling a Class Method

Account

getAverageBalance

average balance

The average balance of

all accounts is returned.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 11

Summary of Class and Object Icons

Squared corners are

used for a class and

class methods.

An instance method

icon is drawn in a

dotted line.

Rounded corners are

used for a class and

class methods.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 12

Class and Instance Data Values

An object is comprised of data values and methods.

An instance data value is used to maintain

information specific to individual instances,For

example,each Account object maintains its balance.

A class data value is used to maintain information

shared by all instances or aggregate information

about the instances.

For example,minimum balance is the information

shared by all Account objects,whereas the average

balance of all Account objects is an aggregate information.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 13

Sample Instance Data Value

Account

SV129

Account

SV506

Account

SV008

current balance current balance current balance

All three Account objects

possess the same instance

data value current balance.

The actual dollar

amounts are,of course,

different.

908.55 1304.98 354.00

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 14

Sample Class Data Value

Account

SV129

Account

SV506

Account

SV008

current balance current balance current balance

908.55 1304.98 354.00

Account

minimum balance

100.00

There is one copy of

minimum balance for

the whole class and

shared by all instances.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 15

Variable and Constant Data Values

There are two types of data values:

Account

Account

SV129

minimum balance

100.00 current balance908.55

account prefix

6427 opening balance100.00

A constant whose value

must remain fixed over time.

A variable whose value can

change over time.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 16

Inheritance

In object-oriented programming,we use a

mechanism called inheritance to design two or more

entities that are different but share many common

features,

First we define a class that contains the common

features of the entities,Then we define classes as an extension of the common class inheriting everything

from the common class,

We call the common class the superclass and all

classes that inherit from it subclasses,We also call

the superclass an ancestor and the subclass a

descendant.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 17

Account and Its Subclasses

Account

minimum balance

100.00

Savings Checking

minimum balance

250.00

This class becomes

the superclass of

two subclasses…

when (sub)classes

inherit from it.

Inherited components

are not shown in the

subclasses unless…

the subclass(es)

overrides them.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 18

Sample Inheritance Hierarchy

Account

Savings Checking

SuperSaver Regular Student

Interest

Bearing

ATM

Checking

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 19

Software Engineering and Software Life Cycle

The sequence of stages from conception to operation

of a program is called software life cycle,Five stages

are

Analysis

Design

Coding

Testing

Operation and Maintenance

Software engineering is the application of a systematic

and disciplined approach to the development,testing,

and maintenance of a program.

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 20

Having Fun with Java

/*

Program FunTime

The program will allow you to draw a picture by dragging a

mouse (move the mouse while holding the left mouse button

down; hold the button on Mac),To erase the picture and start

over,click the right mouse button (command-click on Mac).

*/

import javabook.*;

class FunTime

{

public static void main(String[ ] args)

{

SketchPad doodleBoard;

doodleBoard = new SketchPad();

doodleBoard.setVisible( true );

}

}

Declare a name

Create an object

Make it visible

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 21

Object Diagram for FunTime

FunTime

main

SketchPad

doodleBoard

setVisibletrue

2000 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java--Wu Chapter 1 - 22

Execution Flow of the FunTime Program

SketchPad doodleBoard;

doodleBoard = new SketchPad();

doodleBoard.setVisible( true );

doodleBoard

SketchPad