python reduce函数filter_Python函数式编程之map/reduce/filter进阶

说明

本文重点在于示例代码，在熟悉基本概念(map/reduce/filter/lambda)的基础上阅读最好

背景

函数式编程是一种编程范式，我们常见的是命令式编程，首先大概了解下概念：

命令式：冯诺依曼机的序列

函数式：基于λ演算

函数式编程一般有如下特点：

Referential transparency

No Side Effect

Currying

Closure

Higher-order function

Lazy evaluation

Lambda

进入正题,主要看看python函数式编程，几个高阶函数map/reduce/filter的使用

定义(python2)

sequence是一种泛型，包括list，tuple，string

map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list

1. map将传入的函数依次作用到序列的每个元素，并把结果作为新的list返回

reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value

把一个函数作用在一个序列上,reduce把结果继续和序列的下一个元素做累积计算

function接受两个参数

返回值类型取决于function return

filter(function or None, sequence) -> list, tuple, or string

如果是None,返回是True的元素

返回和sequence相同的类型

示例

map/reduce/filter其实很简单，要熟练掌握，最好的办法就是code，示例代码包括map/reduce/filter使用的各个方面，重点地方已注释，认真看完code，一定可以掌握map/reduce/filter的

# coding:utf-8

from operator import add

def foo():

a = [i for i in range(1, 10)]

b = map(lambda x: x**2, a)

c = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, a)

d = filter(lambda x: not x % 3, a)

print b

print c

print d

'''

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

45

[3, 6, 9]

'''

def foo1():

a = [i for i in range(1, 10)]

b = map(lambda x: x**2, a)

b = reduce(lambda x, y, z='hi': z, a)

# z始终是hi

b1 = reduce(lambda x, y='hi': y, a)

# y始终是a中的元素，结束时是最后一个元素

c = map(lambda x, y='hi': y, a)

c1 = map(lambda x, y: x - y, a, a)

d = filter(lambda x, y='hi': y, a)

# y始终是hi，为True,所以a中没有元素被过滤掉

print b

print b1

print c

print c1

print d

'''

hi

9

['hi', 'hi', 'hi', 'hi', 'hi', 'hi', 'hi', 'hi', 'hi']

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

'''

def foo2():

# sequence:list tuple str

s = "h x010y i"

# s中每个字符作为参数单独调用

b = map(lambda x: x, s)

c = reduce(lambda x, y: x, s)

# x始终是s的第一个字符(h)

d = reduce(lambda x, y: y, s)

e = reduce(lambda x, y: (x,y), s)

# reduce调用的过程

f = filter(lambda x: x.isalpha() or x.isspace(), s)

# 保留字母和空格

print b

print c

print d

print e

print f

'''

['h', ' ', 'x', '0', '1', '0', 'y', ' ', 'i']

h

i

(((((((('h', ' '), 'x'), '0'), '1'), '0'), 'y'), ' '), 'i')

h xy i

'''

def foo3():

a = "a01bcdfalsetrueFalseTrue0None1"

b = [0, None, False,True, 1, '', 'a']

c = (0, None, False,True, 1, '', 'a')

# filter可以接受None作为第一个参数，此时由sequence中

# 元素本身的真假值进行过滤，返回值保持sequence本身的类型

print filter(None, a)

# a中每个字符都是真(0是字符，也为真),返回值是str

print filter(None, b)

# 返回值是list

print filter(None, c)

# 返回值是tuple

'''

a01bcdfalsetrueFalseTrue0None1

[True, 1, 'a']

(True, 1, 'a')

'''

def foo4():

bar = [[1, 2, 4, 5], [3, 5, 7, 2, 6]]

bar1 = ['1', '2', '3']

b = reduce(add, bar)

c = map(sum, zip(*bar))

# 二维数组反转求和

d = map(int, bar1)

# 字符串转int

e = sorted(set(b), key = b.index)

# 对list去重后，保持原有的元素顺序

print b

print c

print d

print e

'''

[1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 5, 7, 2, 6]

[4, 7, 11, 7]

[1, 2, 3]

[1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 7, 6]

'''

def foo5():

a = [i for i in range(1, 4)]

b = [lambda y: y*x for x in a] # late binding (x延迟绑定)

c = [lambda y, x=x: y*x for x in a] # x是local变量

d = (lambda y: y*x for x in a) # lazy evaluation(生成器惰性求值)

e = map(lambda x: lambda y: y*x, a) # closure(闭包)

for bar in b:

print bar(2)

print '--------'

for bar in c:

print bar(2)

print '--------'

for bar in d:

print bar(2)

print '--------'

for bar in e:

print bar(2)

print '--------'

for t in e:

for j in t.__closure__:

print j.cell_contents

'''

6

6

6

--------

2

4

6

--------

2

4

6

--------

2

4

6

--------

1

2

3

'''

if __name__ == '__main__':

foo()

foo1()

foo2()

foo3()

foo4()

foo5()

pass