android消息,android消息机制

在andorid中,系统的行为、用户的输入等事件都会被包装为一个消息,

进行消息发送、处理

关于消息的处理,就离不开Handler、Message、Loop

在平时使用时,Handler多用于多线程之间通信。

那么Handler如何实现多线程通信?

多线程之间为何不会互相干扰?

为什么不使用用wait/notify?

Handler多线程通信

先看一下普通使用案例

public class MyActiivty extends Activity {

private Handler myHandler = new Handler() {

@Override

public void handleMessage(Message msg) {

super.handleMessage(msg);

if(msg.what=100) {

// TODO

}

}

}

}

static class MyThread extends Thread() {

@Overtide

public void run() {

super.run();

Message message = Message.obtain();

message.what = 100;

myHandler.sendMessage();

}

}

}

上面就是一个简单的在子线程发送消息,回到主线程处理消息的过程,

通过在子线程构造一个message对象,在主线程中获取到该message对象,来处理消息。

所以其实Handler处理多线程通信是通过共享Message对象内存来实现的。

内存是不区分线程的,这种通信原理就是在子线程与主线程共享message内存

所以 那么Handler如何实现多线程通信?

通过 内存共享 实现。

在多线程时,Handler又是如何保证消息如何在正确的线程发送的呢,或者说是如何保证执行的线程是正确的了。

这就要引入我们的Loop、消息队列概念了。

handler处理消息模型:

looper.png

handler负责发送、处理消息

looper负责一直轮询消息

messageQueue消息队列,负责存放、取出消息

Looper

讲到looper负责一直轮询消息,但是好像在上面的代码中,都没有使用到looper。

其实是在主线程中,系统已经默认为我们创建了looper,

在ActivityThread.java的main方法中(ActivityThread即为主线程)

public static void main(String[] args) {

Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");

// Install selective syscall interception

AndroidOs.install();

// CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We

// disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via

// StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.

CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);

Environment.initForCurrentUser();

// Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates

final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());

TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);

Process.setArgV0("");

Looper.prepareMainLooper();

// Find the value for {@link #PROC_START_SEQ_IDENT} if provided on the command line.

// It will be in the format "seq=114"

long startSeq = 0;

if (args != null) {

for (int i = args.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {

if (args[i] != null && args[i].startsWith(PROC_START_SEQ_IDENT)) {

startSeq = Long.parseLong(

args[i].substring(PROC_START_SEQ_IDENT.length()));

}

}

}

ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();

thread.attach(false, startSeq);

if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {

sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();

}

if (false) {

Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new

LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));

}

// End of event ActivityThreadMain.

Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);

Looper.loop();

throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");

}

我们可以看到,调用了Loop.prepareMainLooper()、Looper.loop()函数,

而且在Looper.loop()后面就抛出异常,

也就是说主线程中loop一旦停止轮询,则会抛出异常闪退。正常情况时,loop就是一直在轮询。

查看Looper的这两个函数

public static void prepareMainLooper() {

prepare(false);

synchronized (Looper.class) {

if (sMainLooper != null) {

throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");

}

sMainLooper = myLooper();

}

}

在prepareMainLooper中可以看到,不允许调用两次,否则会抛出异常。

/**

* Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call

* {@link #quit()} to end the loop.

*/

public static void loop() {

final Looper me = myLooper();

if (me == null) {

throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");

}

final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,

// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.

Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

// Allow overriding a threshold with a system prop. e.g.

// adb shell 'setprop log.looper.1000.main.slow 1 && stop && start'

final int thresholdOverride =

SystemProperties.getInt("log.looper."

+ Process.myUid() + "."

+ Thread.currentThread().getName()

+ ".slow", 0);

boolean slowDeliveryDetected = false;

for (;;) {

Message msg = queue.next(); // might block

if (msg == null) {

// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.

return;

}

// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger

final Printer logging = me.mLogging;

if (logging != null) {

logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +

msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);

}

// Make sure the observer won't change while processing a transaction.

final Observer observer = sObserver;

final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;

long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;

long slowDeliveryThresholdMs = me.mSlowDeliveryThresholdMs;

if (thresholdOverride > 0) {

slowDispatchThresholdMs = thresholdOverride;

slowDeliveryThresholdMs = thresholdOverride;

}

final boolean logSlowDelivery = (slowDeliveryThresholdMs > 0) && (msg.when > 0);

final boolean logSlowDispatch = (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0);

final boolean needStartTime = logSlowDelivery || logSlowDispatch;

final boolean needEndTime = logSlowDispatch;

if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {

Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));

}

final long dispatchStart = needStartTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0;

final long dispatchEnd;

Object token = null;

if (observer != null) {

token = observer.messageDispatchStarting();

}

long origWorkSource = ThreadLocalWorkSource.setUid(msg.workSourceUid);

try {

msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

if (observer != null) {

observer.messageDispatched(token, msg);

}

dispatchEnd = needEndTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0;

} catch (Exception exception) {

if (observer != null) {

observer.dispatchingThrewException(token, msg, exception);

}

throw exception;

} finally {

ThreadLocalWorkSource.restore(origWorkSource);

if (traceTag != 0) {

Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);

}

}

if (logSlowDelivery) {

if (slowDeliveryDetected) {

if ((dispatchStart - msg.when) <= 10) {

Slog.w(TAG, "Drained");

slowDeliveryDetected = false;

}

} else {

if (showSlowLog(slowDeliveryThresholdMs, msg.when, dispatchStart, "delivery",

msg)) {

// Once we write a slow delivery log, suppress until the queue drains.

slowDeliveryDetected = true;

}

}

}

if (logSlowDispatch) {

showSlowLog(slowDispatchThresholdMs, dispatchStart, dispatchEnd, "dispatch", msg);

}

if (logging != null) {

logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);

}

// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the

// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.

final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

if (ident != newIdent) {

Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"

+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"

+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "

+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "

+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);

}

msg.recycleUnchecked();

}

}

loop函数中,首先获取通过myLooper()函数获取looper对象,如果looper对象为空,则抛出异常,提示必须在当前线程先执行Looper.prepare()

然后获取looper对象持有的messageQueue,

然后就是for(;;)无限循环,获取messageQueue下一条消息

获取到message后调用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

将这条消息发送出去。

最后执行msg.recycleUnchecked(),相当于一个回收利用。

我们看一下myLooper函数

public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {

return sThreadLocal.get();

}

说明looper是存放在ThreadLocal中的。

关于ThreadLocal,在之前已经大致讲过了。

ThreadLocal讲解(https://wangchongwei.github.io/blog/2020/08/java-ThreadLocal%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90.html)

在每一个线程,都存在一个对应且唯一的值

我们可以看一下prepare函数

public static void prepare() {

prepare(true);

}

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {

if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {

throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");

}

sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));

}

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {

mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);

mThread = Thread.currentThread();

}

可以看到与prepareMainLooper的不同,因为prepareMainLooper是在主线程调用,而主线程很自由一个,

所以直接使用sMainLooper来保存主线程的looper,而且主线程中prepare(false);标示不允许looper退出。

而在子线程时,就是将looper对象保存到sThreadLocal中,sThreadLocal.get()不为null时,会抛出异常。

也就是说子线程中prepare只允许调用一次,保证了每个线程中的looper对象唯一性

然后看到子线程和主线程的另一个差异prepare(false) && prepare(true)

因为andorid,所有事件如:用户的操作、ui的渲染等都是作为消息发送的,而这些都是在主线程操作的,所以在主线程中是不允许退出loop循环,否则抛出异常。

而在子线程中prepare(true),允许退出,其实在子线程中新建handler、looper时,当我们不需要再使用,需要终止loop循环。

此时需要调用:

public void quitSafely() {

mQueue.quit(true);

}

MessageQueue

在上面中已经讲过Looper,looper中持有一个messageQueue

final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

mQueue 在Looper的私有构造函数中被初始化

接下来我们看一下MessageQueue

队列是一种数据结果,FIFO先进先出

MessageQueue 是一个消息队列,默认也是先进先出,有序执行

之前说了,MessageQueue主要用于存放、取出消息。

在Looper中主要用到了messagequeue的next函数,用于取出下一条消息

我们先看一下存放消息

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {

if (msg.target == null) {

throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");

}

if (msg.isInUse()) {

throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");

}

synchronized (this) {

if (mQuitting) {

IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(

msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");

Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);

msg.recycle();

return false;

}

msg.markInUse();

msg.when = when;

Message p = mMessages;

boolean needWake;

if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {

// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.

msg.next = p;

mMessages = msg;

needWake = mBlocked;

} else {

// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake

// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue

// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.

needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();

Message prev;

for (;;) {

prev = p;

p = p.next;

if (p == null || when < p.when) {

break;

}

if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {

needWake = false;

}

}

msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next

prev.next = msg;

}

// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.

if (needWake) {

nativeWake(mPtr);

}

}

return true;

}

如果当前线程已经退出,mQuitting为true,则抛出异常。

msg.when = when;

Message p = mMessages;

boolean needWake;

if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {

// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.

msg.next = p;

mMessages = msg;

needWake = mBlocked;

}

当全局变量mMessages为空,或者当前传入的when为0, 或者当前when小于全局变量mMessages.when(即时间在前)

其实判断的是两种状态,1:messageQueue队列为空 2:添加的消息执行时间在前

此时将该消息置于队首,

needWake = mBlocked;

如果mBlocked为true,needWake也为true,就是如果之前阻塞则唤醒,反之无需唤醒

再看不满足上面情况下时,即消息队列中已添加过消息,而且要添加的消息.when在上一次添加的消息之后

else {

// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake

// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue

// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.

needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();

Message prev;

for (;;) {

prev = p;

p = p.next;

if (p == null || when < p.when) {

break;

}

if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {

needWake = false;

}

}

msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next

prev.next = msg;

}

for循环,遍历链表,当找到节点为null即遍历完 || 传入的when小于遍历节点的when(即传入消息的时间在遍历节点时间之前时)

终止循环,将msg.next -> p

原来

prev.next -> n.next -> ... -> n.next -> p -> ...

现在

prev.next -> n.next -> ... -> n.next -> msg.next -> p -> ...

也就是说,message链表是按照when排序的,when越小,在越靠近链头

为何要根据when排序了,其实是因为message执行时间是要按时间排序,要执行时间越小,代表时间越早,所以放在链头

以上是消息队列,入队函数,再看一下出队函数

@UnsupportedAppUsage

Message next() {

// Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.

// This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit

// which is not supported.

final long ptr = mPtr;

if (ptr == 0) {

return null;

}

int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration

int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;

for (;;) {

if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {

Binder.flushPendingCommands();

}

nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

synchronized (this) {

// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.

final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();

Message prevMsg = null;

Message msg = mMessages;

if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {

// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.

do {

prevMsg = msg;

msg = msg.next;

} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());

}

if (msg != null) {

if (now < msg.when) {

// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.

nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);

} else {

// Got a message.

mBlocked = false;

if (prevMsg != null) {

prevMsg.next = msg.next;

} else {

mMessages = msg.next;

}

msg.next = null;

if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);

msg.markInUse();

return msg;

}

} else {

// No more messages.

nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;

}

// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.

if (mQuitting) {

dispose();

return null;

}

// If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.

// Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message

// in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.

if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0

&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {

pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();

}

if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {

// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.

mBlocked = true;

continue;

}

if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {

mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];

}

mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);

}

// Run the idle handlers.

// We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.

for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {

final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];

mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

boolean keep = false;

try {

keep = idler.queueIdle();

} catch (Throwable t) {

Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);

}

if (!keep) {

synchronized (this) {

mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);

}

}

}

// Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.

pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

// While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered

// so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.

nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;

}

}

其中有一段代码可以先不看,

if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {

// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.

do {

prevMsg = msg;

msg = msg.next;

} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());

}

这一块涉及到消息的同步屏障,放到下面再讲,我们先只看出队时的逻辑

next函数就是取出下一条消息。

开启for循环

if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {

Binder.flushPendingCommands();

}

如果nextPollTimeoutMillis不等于0时,会阻塞。

final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();

Message prevMsg = null;

Message msg = mMessages;

if (msg != null) {

if (now < msg.when) {

// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.

nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);

} else {

// Got a message.

mBlocked = false;

if (prevMsg != null) {

prevMsg.next = msg.next;

} else {

mMessages = msg.next;

}

msg.next = null;

if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);

msg.markInUse();

return msg;

}

} else {

// No more messages.

nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;

}

当当前message不为空时:

如果当前时间小于msg.when,即没到执行时间,则阻塞线程到msg.when时间

将msg.next赋值给全局变量mMessages,再将msg.next指向null

然后返回msg这一个节点,如此不会返回一个链表

如果msg为空,说明队列为空,没有消息,此时赋值nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;下一次循环时,就会阻塞。

MessageQueue 添加消息、取出消息是线程安全的吗?

是,是线程安全的。

如何保证线程安全的?

通过锁,存放消息以及取出消息时都有设置synchronized (this),

synchronized 后面修饰的是this,同一个对象在多线程环境调用函数时,只会有一个线程获取到锁,进行操作。

synchronized 是内置锁,JVM已经内置处理了锁的获取以及释放

为什么不使用用wait/notify?

在上述代码可以看到使用了阻塞、锁,阻塞是直接调用native 函数来阻塞,

其实在内部已经使用了wait/notif。

Message

上面讲了消息机制中的Handler、Looper、MessageQueue;

现在我们再讲一下消息的本体Message

首先通过我们在上面的分析,可以知道Message在数据结构上看,是一个链表,而且是只有next指针,所以是个单链表。

Message中没有什么复杂操作,都是一些赋值函数

有两个地址可以注意下

public void recycle() {

if (isInUse()) {

if (gCheckRecycle) {

throw new IllegalStateException("This message cannot be recycled because it "

+ "is still in use.");

}

return;

}

recycleUnchecked();

}

void recycleUnchecked() {

// Mark the message as in use while it remains in the recycled object pool.

// Clear out all other details.

flags = FLAG_IN_USE;

what = 0;

arg1 = 0;

arg2 = 0;

obj = null;

replyTo = null;

sendingUid = UID_NONE;

workSourceUid = UID_NONE;

when = 0;

target = null;

callback = null;

data = null;

synchronized (sPoolSync) {

if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {

next = sPool;

sPool = this;

sPoolSize++;

}

}

}

Message的回收函数不是将对象置为空,而是将Message中的变量都还原为默认值。

public static Message obtain() {

synchronized (sPoolSync) {

if (sPool != null) {

Message m = sPool;

sPool = m.next;

m.next = null;

m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag

sPoolSize--;

return m;

}

}

return new Message();

}

Message还提供obtain函数,不会直接new 一个Message对象,而是共享之前的对象,改变对象的内部属性。

所以我们在实际使用中都是使用Message.obtain()来构建message对象,而不是一直使用new ,这样可以避免频繁的生成、回收,避免内存抖动。

这种设计被成为 * 享元设计模式 *

Message 同步屏障

上面讲的消息message链表是根据when时间排序,那如果有紧急的消息必须马上处理呢,这个时候不可能等其他先执行而必须是马上执行的事件时,怎么办?

这个时候就可以用到 同步屏障

我们可以看一下上面讲到的代码

if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {

// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.

do {

prevMsg = msg;

msg = msg.next;

} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());

}

原理就是将一个消息状态标示符isAsynchronous设置为false,此时发送消息时,handler不会绑定到msg上,msg.target就为null,

在for循环中首先对msg.target做检测,当msg对象不为空,而msg.target为空时,此时就是message链表中有同步屏障,

此时不会依次按链表来取出消息,而是通过遍历取出message链表中的同步消息进行处理。

当所有的同步消息都执行完毕,就会remove同步屏障,又会回到之前的按序取消息的方式。

设置与去除同步屏障的方法在MessageQueue类中

// 设置同步屏障

postSyncBarrier()

// 去除同步屏障

removeSyncBarrier()

但这个两个方法都是使用了hide注解,我们是无法直接调用的,只能系统内部使用。

总结

handler消息机制大概流程:

生成Looper对象,生成Handler对象,Lopper.looper循环

在Handler构造函数内,获取到上面生成的looper对象,通过ThreadLocal保存到对应的线程,与MessageQueue绑定

在需要发送消息的地方调用handler.sendMessage(),在sendMessage时,将message与handler绑定,将message.target赋值为当前handler

同时,sendMessage时,调用messageQueue.enqueueMessage将message放入消息队列。

同时,Looper.loop()在循环一直取出消息message,然后通过message.target获取到handler对象,最终回调到handler.handlerMessage函数。

这样消息从产生到处理流程就走完了。

总结提问:

Looper.loop()一直在循环,为什么不会导致应用卡死(ANR)?

答:loop()循环与ANR是两个不相关的事情,loop只是循环事件,ANR是处理事件耗时,导致无法响应用户的下一次输入。

系统的ANR弹窗都是通过消息机制发送,并弹出提示窗的。

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