python语法示例大全_Python-语法模板大全(常用)

目录

1.怎么存数据

变量: age =10

字符串: name = "python"

列表: [1,2,3,"python"]

元组: (1,2,3)(不可以更改)

字典: {"a":100, "b":"666"}

2.怎么用数据

数字操作符： +、-、*、/、%、//、**

判断循环:

if判断: if a>10:

b = a + 20

if b>20:

pass

elif: a>8:

pass

else:

pass

while循环

while i<5:

# do something

pass

i = i + 1

while true:

pass

3.函数

# 位置参数

def person(name, age):

print(name,age)

# 默认参数

def person(name,age=20):

print(name, age)

# 关键字参数

def person(name, age, **kw):

print(‘name:‘, name, ‘age:‘, age, ‘other:‘, kw)

person(‘hao‘, 20) # name: Michael age: 30 other: {}

person(‘hao‘, 20, gener = ‘M‘, job = ‘Engineer‘) # name: Adam age: 45 other: {‘gender‘: ‘M‘, ‘job‘: ‘Engineer‘}

extra = {‘city‘: ‘Beijing‘, ‘job‘: ‘Engineer‘}

person(‘Jack‘, 24, **extra)

# 命名关键字参数

def person(name, age, *, city=‘Beijing‘, job):

print(name, age, city, job)

person(‘Jack‘, 24, job = ‘123‘)

person(‘Jack‘, 24, city = ‘Beijing‘, job = ‘Engineer‘)

# Combination

# 可变 + 关键字参数

def f1(a, b, c=0, *args, **kw):

print(‘a =‘, a, ‘b =‘, b, ‘c =‘, c, ‘args =‘, args, ‘kw =‘, kw)

f1(1, 2, 3, ‘a‘, ‘b‘) # a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 args = (‘a‘, ‘b‘) kw = {‘x‘: 99}

f1(1, 2, 3, ‘a‘, ‘b‘, x=99) # a = 1 b = 2 c = 0 d = 99 kw = {‘ext‘: None}

# 默认参数 + 命名关键字参数 + 关键字参数

def f2(a, b, c=0, *, d, **kw):

print(‘a =‘, a, ‘b =‘, b, ‘c =‘, c, ‘d =‘, d, ‘kw =‘, kw)

f2(1, 2, d=99, ext=None) # a = 1 b = 2 c = 0 d = 99 kw = {‘ext‘: None}

4. 类和对象

4.1. 定义类的模板

class Student(object):

def __init__(self, name, score):

self.__name = name

self.__score = score

# print(mike)

def __str__(self):

msg = "name: " + self.__name + "score: " + str(self.__score)

return msg

# mike

__repr__ = __str__

# mike()

__call__ = __str__

@property

def name(self):

return self.__name

@name.setter

def name(self, value):

if type(value) == str:

self.__name = value

else:

raise ValueError(‘Bad name‘)

@property

def score(self):

return self.__score

@score.setter

def score(self, value):

if 0 <= value <= 100:

self.__score = value

else:

raise ValueError(‘Bad score‘)

def final_report(self):

if self.__score >= 90:

level = ‘A‘

elif self.__score >= 70:

level = ‘B‘

elif self.__score >= 60:

level = ‘C‘

else:

level = ‘D‘

msg = "Your final value is: " + level

return msg

# 调用

mike = Student(‘mike‘, 85)

print("-" * 20 + "Print property" + "-" * 20)

print(mike)

print("name: %s" % (mike.name))

print("-" * 30 + "Print methods" + "-" * 20)

print(mike.final_report())

print("-" * 30 + "Print modified infor" + "-" * 20)

mike.name = "Obama"

mike.score = 50

print("-" * 30)

print("modified name: %s" % (mike.name))

--------------------Print property--------------------

name: mikescore: 85

name: mike

------------------------------Print methods--------------------

Your final value is: B

------------------------------Print modified infor--------------------

------------------------------

modified name: Obama

4.2.继承

class SixGrade(Student):

def __init__(self, name, score, grade):

super().__init__(name, score)

self.__grade = grade

# grade是一个只读属性

@property

def grade(self):

return self.__grade

def final_report(self, comments):

# 子类中调用父类方法

text_from_Father = super().final_report()

print(text_from_Father)

msg = "commants from teacher: " + comments

print(msg)

print("-" * 20 + "继承" + "-" * 20)

fangfang = SixGrade(‘fang‘, 95, 6)

fangfang.final_report("You are handsome")

print(fangfang.grade)

--------------------继承--------------------

Your final value is: A

commants from teacher: You are handsome

6

4.3 多态

class SixGrade(Student):

pass

class FiveGrade(Student):

pass

def print_level(Student):

msg = Student.final_report()

print(msg)

print_level(Student(‘from class‘, 90))

print_level(SixGrade(‘from subclass-1‘, 56))

print_level(FiveGrade(‘from subclass-2‘, 85))

Your final value is: A

Your final value is: D

Your final value is: B

5. IO文件操作和OS目录操作

OS操作

import os

# 获取当前目录的绝对路径

path = os.path.abspath(‘.‘)

# 创建一个目录

os.path.join(‘/Users/michael‘, ‘testdir‘)

os.mkdir(‘/Users/michael/testdir‘)

# 删除一个目录

os.rmdir(‘/Users/michael/testdir‘)

# 拆分路径

os.path.split(‘/Users/michael/testdir/file.txt‘) # (‘/Users/michael/testdir‘, ‘file.txt‘)

os.path.splitext(‘/path/to/file.txt‘) # (‘/path/to/file‘, ‘.txt‘)

# 重命名

os.rename(‘test.txt‘, ‘test.py‘)

# 删除文件

os.remove(‘test.py‘)

# 列出所有python文件

[x for x in os.listdir(‘.‘) if os.path.isfile(x) and os.path.splitext(x)[1]==‘.py‘]

IO文件

方法

特性

性能

read()

读取全部内容

一般

readline()

每次读出一行内容

占用内存最少

readlines()

读取整个文件所有行，保存在一个列表(list)变量中，每行作为一个元素

最好(内存足)

write()

写文件

# 读

# 下面是read()方法的使用，“r”表示read

with open(‘testRead.txt‘, ‘r‘, encoding=‘UTF-8‘) as f1:

results = f1.read() # 读取数据

print(results)

# 下面是readline()方法的使用，“r”表示read

with open(‘testRead.txt‘, ‘r‘, encoding=‘UTF-8‘) as f2:

line = f2.readline() # 读取第一行

while line is not None and line != ‘‘:

print(line)

line = f2.readline() # 读取下一行

# 下面是readlines()方法的使用，“r”表示read

with open(‘testRead.txt‘, ‘r‘, encoding=‘UTF-8‘) as f3:

lines = f3.readlines() # 接收数据

for line in lines: # 遍历数据

print(line)

# 写

with open(‘/User/test.txt‘, ‘w‘) as f:

f.write(‘hello‘)

6. 正则表达式及re模块的使用

主要参考资料为：

6.2. re模块的使用

内置的 re 模块来使用正则表达式，提供了很多内置函数：

pattern = re.compile(pattern[, flag]):

参数：

pattern: 字符串形式的正则

flag: 可选模式，表示匹配模式

例子：

import re

pattern = re.compile(r‘\d+‘)

Pattern的常用方法

import re

pattern = re.compile(r‘\d+‘)

m0 = pattern.match(‘one12twothree34four‘)

m = pattern.match(‘one12twothree34four‘, 3, 10)

print("-" * 15 + "Match methods" + "-" * 15)

print("found strings: ", m.group(0))

print("start index of found strings: ", m.start(0))

print("end index of found strings: ", m.end(0))

print("Span length of found strigns: ", m.span(0))

s = pattern.search(‘one12twothree34four‘)

print("-" * 15 + "Search methods" + "-" * 15)

print("found strings: ", s.group(0))

print("start index of found strings: ", s.start(0))

print("end index of found strings: ", s.end(0))

print("Span length of found strigns: ", s.span(0))

f = pattern.findall(‘one1two2three3four4‘, 0, 10)

print("-" * 15 + "findall methods" + "-" * 15)

print("found strings: ", f)

f_i = pattern.finditer(‘one1two2three3four4‘, 0, 10)

print("-" * 15 + "finditer methods" + "-" * 15)

print("type of method: ", type(f_i))

for m1 in f_i: # m1 是 Match 对象

print(‘matching string: {}, position: {}‘.format(m1.group(), m1.span()))

p = re.compile(r‘[\s\,\;]+‘)

print("-" * 15 + "Split methods" + "-" * 15)

print("split a,b;c.d: ", p.split(‘a,b;; c d‘))

p1 = re.compile(r‘(\w+) (\w+)‘)

s1 = ‘hello 123, hello 456‘

def func(m):

return ‘hi‘ + ‘ ‘ + m.group(2)

print("-" * 15 + "替换 methods" + "-" * 15)

print(p1.sub(r‘hello world‘, s1)) # 使用 ‘hello world‘ 替换 ‘hello 123‘ 和 ‘hello 456‘

print(p1.sub(r‘\2 \1‘, s1)) # 引用分组

print(p1.sub(func, s1))

print(p1.sub(func, s1, 1)) # 最多替换一次

结果是:

---------------Match methods---------------

found strings: 12

start index of found strings: 3

end index of found strings: 5

Span length of found strigns: (3, 5)

---------------Search methods---------------

found strings: 12

start index of found strings: 3

end index of found strings: 5

Span length of found strigns: (3, 5)

---------------findall methods---------------

found strings: [‘1‘, ‘2‘]

---------------finditer methods---------------

type of method:

matching string: 1, position: (3, 4)

matching string: 2, position: (7, 8)

---------------Split methods---------------

split a,b;c.d: [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘c‘, ‘d‘]

---------------替换 methods---------------

hello world, hello world

123 hello, 456 hello

hi 123, hi 456

hi 123, hello 456