XHR如何爬虫_python instagram 爬虫

叶湘伦：【文字篇】如何系统地自学 Python？​zhuanlan.zhihu.com

直接介绍一下具体的步骤以及注意点：

instagram 爬虫注意点

• instagram 的首页数据是 服务端渲染的，所以首页出现的 11 或 12 条数据是以 html 中的一个 json 结构存在的（additionalData）, 之后的帖子加载才是走 ajax 请求的
• 在 2019/06 之前，ins 是有反爬机制的，请求时需要在请求头加了 'X-Instagram-GIS' 字段。其算法是：
  1、将 rhx_gis 和 queryVariables 进行组合

rhx_gis 可以在首页处的 sharedData 这个 json 结构中获得

2、然后进行 md5 哈希

e.g.

   queryVariables = '{"id":"' + user_id + '","first":12,"after":"' +cursor+ '"}'
    print(queryVariables)
    headers['X-Instagram-GIS'] = hashStr(GIS_rhx_gis + ":" + queryVariables)

• 但是在在 2019/06 之后， instagram 已经取消了 X-Instagram-GIS 的校验，所以无需再生成 X-Instagram-GIS，上一点内容可以当做历史来了解了
• 初始访问 ins 首页的时候会设置一些 cookie，设置的内容 (response header) 如下：

   set-cookie: rur=PRN; Domain=.instagram.com; HttpOnly; Path=/; Secure
    set-cookie: ds_user_id=11859524403; Domain=.instagram.com; expires=Mon, 15-Jul-2019 09:22:48 GMT; Max-Age=7776000; Path=/; Secure
    set-cookie: urlgen="{"45.63.123.251": 20473}:1hGKIi:7bh3mEau4gMVhrzWRTvtjs9hJ2Q"; Domain=.instagram.com; HttpOnly; Path=/; Secure
    set-cookie: csrftoken=Or4nQ1T3xidf6CYyTE7vueF46B73JmAd; Domain=.instagram.com; expires=Tue, 14-Apr-2020 09:22:48 GMT; Max-Age=31449600; Path=/; Secure

• 关于 query_hash，一般这个哈希值不用怎么管，可以直接写死
• 特别注意：在每次请求时务必带上自定义的 header，且 header 里面要有 user-agent，这样子才能使用 rhx_gis 来进行签名访问并且获取到数据。切记！是每次访问！例如：

headers = {
    'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/68.0.3440.106 Safari/537.36'
}

大部分 api 的访问需要在请求头的 cookie 中携带 session-id 才能得到数据，一个正常的请求头 (request header) 如下:

   :authority: www.instagram.com
    :method: GET
    :path: /graphql/query/?query_hash=ae21d996d1918b725a934c0ed7f59a74&variables=%7B%22fetch_media_count%22%3A0%2C%22fetch_suggested_count%22%3A30%2C%22ignore_cache%22%3Atrue%2C%22filter_followed_friends%22%3Atrue%2C%22seen_ids%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22include_reel%22%3Atrue%7D
    :scheme: https
    accept: */*
    accept-encoding: gzip, deflate, br
    accept-language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8,la;q=0.7
    cache-control: no-cache
    cookie: mid=XI-joQAEAAHpP4H2WkiI0kcY3sxg; csrftoken=Or4nQ1T3xidf6CYyTE7vueF46B73JmAd; ds_user_id=11859524403; sessionid=11859524403%3Al965tcIRCjXmVp%3A25; rur=PRN; urlgen="{"45.63.123.251": 20473}:1hGKIj:JvyKtYz_nHgBsLZnKrbSq0FEfeg"
    pragma: no-cache
    referer: https://www.instagram.com/
    user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.103 Safari/537.36
    x-ig-app-id: 936619743392459
    x-instagram-gis: 8f382d24b07524ad90b4f5ed5d6fccdb
    x-requested-with: XMLHttpRequest

• 注意 user-agent、x-ig-app-id (html 中的 sharedData 中获取)、x-instagram-gis，以及 cookie 中的 session-id 配置

api 的分页 (请求下一页数据)，如用户帖子列表
ins 中一个带分页的 ajax 请求，一般请求参数会类似下面：
   # 网页页面信息
    page_info = js_data["entry_data"]["ProfilePage"][0]["graphql"]["user"]["edge_owner_to_timeline_media"]['page_info']
    # 下一页的索引值AQCSnXw1JsoV6LPOD2Of6qQUY7HWyXRc_CBSMWB6WvKlseC-7ibKho3Em0PEG7_EP8vwoXw5zwzsAv_mNMR8yX2uGFZ5j6YXdyoFfdbHc6942w
    cursor = page_info['end_cursor']
    # 是否有下一页
    flag = page_info['has_next_page']

• end_cursor 即为 after 的值，has_next_page 检测是否有下一页
  如果是有下一页，可进行第一次分页数据请求，第一次分页请求的响应数据回来之后，id，first 的值不用变，after 的值变为响应数据中 page_info 中 end_cursor 的值，再构造 variables，连同 query_hash 发起再下一页的请求
  再判断响应数据中的 page_info 中 has_next_page 的值，循环下去，可拿完全部数据。若不想拿完，可利用响应数据中的 edge_owner_to_timeline_media 中的 count 值来做判断，该值表示用户总共有多少媒体
• 视频帖子和图片帖子数据结构不一样，注意判断响应数据中的 is_video 字段
• 如果是用一个 ins 账号去采集的话，只要请求头的 cookie 中带上合法且未过期的 session_id，可直接访问接口，无需计算签名。
  最直接的做法是：打开浏览器，登录 instagram 后，F12 查看 xhr 请求，将 request header 中的 cookie 复制过来使用即可，向下面：

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import re
import json
import urllib.parse
import hashlib
import sys

USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/68.0.3440.106 Safari/537.36'

BASE_URL = 'https://www.instagram.com'
ACCOUNT_MEDIAS = "http://www.instagram.com/graphql/query/?query_hash=42323d64886122307be10013ad2dcc44&variables=%s"
ACCOUNT_PAGE = 'https://www.instagram.com/%s'

proxies = {
    'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:1087',
    'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:1087',
}

# 一次设置proxy的办法，将它设置在一次session会话中，这样就不用每次都在调用requests的时候指定proxies参数了
# s = requests.session()
# s.proxies = {'http': '121.193.143.249:80'}

def get_shared_data(html=''):
    """get window._sharedData from page,return the dict loaded by window._sharedData str
    """
    if html:
        target_text = html
    else:
        header = generate_header()
        response = requests.get(BASE_URL, proxies=proxies, headers=header)
        target_text = response.text
    regx = r"s*.*s*<script.*?>.*_sharedDatas*=s*(.*?);</script>"
    match_result = re.match(regx, target_text, re.S)
    data = json.loads(match_result.group(1))

    return data

# def get_rhx_gis():
#     """get the rhx_gis value from sharedData
#     """
#     share_data = get_shared_data()
#     return share_data['rhx_gis']

def get_account(user_name):
    """get the account info by username
    :param user_name:
    :return:
    """
    url = get_account_link(user_name)
    header = generate_header()
    response = requests.get(url, headers=header, proxies=proxies)
    data = get_shared_data(response.text)
    account = resolve_account_data(data)
    return account

def get_media_by_user_id(user_id, count=50, max_id=''):
    """get media info by user id
    :param id:
    :param count:
    :param max_id:
    :return:
    """
    index = 0
    medias = []
    has_next_page = True
    while index <= count and has_next_page:
        varibles = json.dumps({
            'id': str(user_id),
            'first': count,
            'after': str(max_id)
        }, separators=(',', ':'))  # 不指定separators的话key:value的:后会默认有空格，因为其默认separators为(', ', ': ')
        url = get_account_media_link(varibles)
        header = generate_header()
        response = requests.get(url, headers=header, proxies=proxies)

        media_json_data = json.loads(response.text)
        media_raw_data = media_json_data['data']['user']['edge_owner_to_timeline_media']['edges']

        if not media_raw_data:
            return medias

        for item in media_raw_data:
            if index == count:
                return medias
            index += 1
            medias.append(general_resolve_media(item['node']))
        max_id = media_json_data['data']['user']['edge_owner_to_timeline_media']['page_info']['end_cursor']
        has_next_page = media_json_data['data']['user']['edge_owner_to_timeline_media']['page_info']['has_next_page']
    return medias

def get_media_by_url(media_url):
    response = requests.get(get_media_url(media_url), proxies=proxies, headers=generate_header())
    media_json = json.loads(response.text)
    return general_resolve_media(media_json['graphql']['shortcode_media'])

def get_account_media_link(varibles):
    return ACCOUNT_MEDIAS % urllib.parse.quote(varibles)

def get_account_link(user_name):
    return ACCOUNT_PAGE % user_name

def get_media_url(media_url):
    return media_url.rstrip('/') + '/?__a=1'

# def generate_instagram_gis(varibles):
#     rhx_gis = get_rhx_gis()
#     gis_token = rhx_gis + ':' + varibles
#     x_instagram_token = hashlib.md5(gis_token.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
#     return x_instagram_token

def generate_header(gis_token=''):
    # todo: if have session, add the session key:value to header
    header = {
        'user-agent': USER_AGENT,
    }
    if gis_token:
        header['x-instagram-gis'] = gis_token
    return header

def general_resolve_media(media):
    res = {
        'id': media['id'],
        'type': media['__typename'][5:].lower(),
        'content': media['edge_media_to_caption']['edges'][0]['node']['text'],
        'title': 'title' in media and media['title'] or '',
        'shortcode': media['shortcode'],
        'preview_url': BASE_URL + '/p/' + media['shortcode'],
        'comments_count': media['edge_media_to_comment']['count'],
        'likes_count': media['edge_media_preview_like']['count'],
        'dimensions': 'dimensions' in media and media['dimensions'] or {},
        'display_url': media['display_url'],
        'owner_id': media['owner']['id'],
        'thumbnail_src': 'thumbnail_src' in media and media['thumbnail_src'] or '',
        'is_video': media['is_video'],
        'video_url': 'video_url' in media and media['video_url'] or ''
    }
    return res

def resolve_account_data(account_data):
    account = {
        'country': account_data['country_code'],
        'language': account_data['language_code'],
        'biography': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['biography'],
        'followers_count': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['edge_followed_by']['count'],
        'follow_count': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['edge_follow']['count'],
        'full_name': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['full_name'],
        'id': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['id'],
        'is_private': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['is_private'],
        'is_verified': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['is_verified'],
        'profile_pic_url': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['profile_pic_url_hd'],
        'username': account_data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['username'],
    }
    return account

account = get_account('shaq')

result = get_media_by_user_id(account['id'], 56)

media = get_media_by_url('https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw3-Q2XhDMf/')

print(len(result))
print(result)

封装成库了！

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