python mysql 基于 sqlalvhrmy_Python操作MySQL：pymysql和SQLAlchemy

pymsql

pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块，其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同。

下载安装

1 pip3 install pymysql

使用操作

1、执行SQL

1 #!/usr/bin/env python

2 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

3 importpymysql4

5 #创建连接

6 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')7 #创建游标

8 cursor =conn.cursor()9

10 #执行SQL，并返回收影响行数

11 effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'")12

13 #执行SQL，并返回受影响行数

14 #effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,))

15

16 #执行SQL，并返回受影响行数

17 #effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])

18

19

20 #提交，不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据

21 conn.commit()22

23 #关闭游标

24 cursor.close()25 #关闭连接

26 conn.close()

示例:

1 importpymysql2

3

4 conn = pymysql.connect(host="10.37.129.3",port=3306,user="egon",passwd="123456",db="homework",charset="utf8")5

6 cursor =conn.cursor()7

8

9 #方式一:

10

11 sql = "select * from course where cid=1"

12 effect_row =cursor.execute(sql)13

14

15 #方式二：

16 sql = "select * from course where cid='%s'" %(1,)17 effect_row =cursor.execute(sql)18

19

20 #方式三 普通 列表

21 sql = "select * from course where cid='%s'"

22

23 effect_row = cursor.execute(sql,1)24 effect_row = cursor.execute(sql,[1])25

26

27 #方式四 字典格式

28

29 sql = "select * from course where cid='%(u)s'"

30 effect_row = cursor.execute(sql,{"u":1})31

32

33 row_1 =cursor.fetchone()34

35 cursor.close()36 conn.close()37

38 print(row_1)

2、获取新创建数据自增ID

1 #!/usr/bin/env python

2 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

3 importpymysql4

5 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')6 cursor =conn.cursor()7 cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])8 conn.commit()9 cursor.close()10 conn.close()11

12 #获取最新自增ID

13 new_id = cursor.lastrowid

3、获取查询数据

1 #!/usr/bin/env python

2 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

3 importpymysql4

5 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')6 cursor =conn.cursor()7 cursor.execute("select * from hosts")8

9 #获取第一行数据

10 row_1 =cursor.fetchone()11

12 #获取前n行数据

13 #row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3)

14 #获取所有数据

15 #row_3 = cursor.fetchall()

16

17 conn.commit()18 cursor.close()19 conn.close()

注：在fetch数据时按照顺序进行，可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置，如：

cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative')  # 相对当前位置移动

cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动

4、fetch数据类型

关于默认获取的数据是元祖类型，如果想要或者字典类型的数据，即：

1 #!/usr/bin/env python

2 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

3 importpymysql4

5 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')6

7 #游标设置为字典类型

8 cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)9 r = cursor.execute("call p1()")10

11 result =cursor.fetchone()12

13 conn.commit()14 cursor.close()15 conn.close()

5、插入演示

1 importpymysql2

3

4 conn = pymysql.connect(host="10.37.129.3",port=3306,user="egon",passwd="123456",db="student_info",charset="utf8")5

6 cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)7

8

9 #插入一行

10 #sql = "insert into student_info(sname,gender,class_id) VALUES('alex1','女',2)"

11

12 #插入多行

13 sql = "insert into student_info(sname,gender,class_id) VALUES('alex1','女',2),('alex2','女',2),('alex3','女',2)"

14

15 r =cursor.execute(sql)16

17 #或

18

19 sql = "insert into userinfo(username,password) values(%s,%s)"

20 #受影响的行数

21 r = cursor.executemany(sql,[('egon','sb'),('laoyao','BS')])22

23

24

25

26 conn.commit()27 cursor.close()28 conn.close()29

30 print(r)

6、补充

1 #sql 注入

2 importpymysql3

4 user = input("username:")5 pwd = input("password:")6

7 conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user='root',password='',database="db3") #建立与客户端的链接

8 cursor =conn.cursor()9 sql = "select * from userinfo where username='%s' and pwd='%s'" %(user,pwd,) #不要自己定义放置占位符user和pwd，防数据库被泄露

10 #select * from userinfo where username='uu' or 1=1 -- ' and password='%s'

11 #上面部分会理解成，第一部分：select * from userinfo where username='uu'，第二部分：or 1=1，第三部分：-- 注释，

12 #第四部分：' and password='%s'，第四部分会当成注释内容。所以执行该程序会显示登录成功。

13 cursor.execute(sql) #执行sql语句

14 result = cursor.fetchone() #返回第一行内容

15 #关闭连接

16 cursor.close()17 conn.close()18

19 ifresult:20 print('登录成功')21 else:22 print('登录失败')

1 importpymysql2 user = input("username:")3 pwd = input("password:")4

5 conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user='root',password='',database="db3")6 cursor =conn.cursor()7 sql = "select * from userinfo where username=%s and pwd=%s"

8 #cursor.execute(sql,(user,pwd))

9 cursor.execute(sql,[user,pwd]) #cursor.execute(sql,user,pwd)也可写成cursor.execute(sql,[user,pwd])，效果一样

10 #cursor.execute(sql,{'u':user,'p':pwd}) #sql中加入key值，打印结果就会变成字典的格式而不是元组格式

11 result = cursor.fetchone() #取一行

12 cursor.close()13 conn.close()14 ifresult:15 print('登录成功')16 else:17 print('登录失败')18

19 print(result)20

1 importpymysql2

3 #增加，删，该

4 #增

5 #conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user='root',password='',database="db3")

6 #cursor = conn.cursor()

7 #sql = "insert into userinfo(username,pwd) values('root','123123')"

8 #受影响的行数

9 #r = cursor.execute(sql)

10 ## ******

11 #conn.commit() #对数据库有改变均要执行conn.commit()命令，提交给数据库。所以增删改均需有这条命令，查不需要。

12 #cursor.close()

13 #conn.close()

14

15 #conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user='root',password='',database="db3")

16 #cursor = conn.cursor()

17 ## sql = "insert into userinfo(username,pwd) values(%s,%s)"

18 ## cursor.execute(sql,(user,pwd,))

19 #20 #sql = "insert into userinfo(username,password) values(%s,%s)"

21 ## 受影响的行数

22 #r = cursor.executemany(sql,[('egon','sb'),('laoyao','BS')])

23 ## ******

24 #conn.commit()

25 #cursor.close()

26 #conn.close()

27

28

29

30

31 #查

32 #conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user='root',password='',database="db666")

33 #cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)

34 #sql = "select * from userinfo"

35 #cursor.execute(sql)

36

37 #cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative') # 相对当前位置移动

38 #cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动

39 #result = cursor.fetchone()

40 #print(result)

41 #result = cursor.fetchone()

42 #print(result)

43 #result = cursor.fetchone()

44 #print(result)

45 #result = cursor.fetchall()

46 #print(result)

47

48

49 #result = cursor.fetchmany(4)

50 #print(result)

51 #cursor.close()

52 #conn.close()

53

54

55

56

57 #新插入数据的自增ID: cursor.lastrowid

58 #import pymysql

59 #60 #conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user='root',password='',database="db3")

61 #cursor = conn.cursor()

62 #sql = "insert into userinfo(username,pwd) values('asdfasdf','123123')"

63 #cursor.execute(sql)

64 #conn.commit()

65 #print(cursor.lastrowid) #lastrowid最后一个自增id

66 #cursor.close()

67 #conn.close()

SQLAchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

安装：

1 pip3 install SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，

从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

1 MySQL-Python2 mysql+mysqldb://:@[:]/

3

4 pymysql5 mysql+pymysql://:@/[?]6

7 MySQL-Connector8 mysql+mysqlconnector://:@[:]/

9

10 cx_Oracle11 oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]12

13 更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

一、内部处理

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。

1 #!/usr/bin/env python

2 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

3 from sqlalchemy importcreate_engine4

5

6 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)7

8 #执行SQL

9 #cur = engine.execute(

10 #"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"

11 #)

12

13 #新插入行自增ID

14 #cur.lastrowid

15

16 #执行SQL

17 #cur = engine.execute(

18 #"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),]

19 #)

20

21

22 #执行SQL

23 #cur = engine.execute(

24 #"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",

25 #host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3

26 #)

27

28 #执行SQL

29 #cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts')

30 #获取第一行数据

31 #cur.fetchone()

32 #获取第n行数据

33 #cur.fetchmany(3)

34 #获取所有数据

35 #cur.fetchall()

二、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。

1、创建表

1 #!/usr/bin/env python

2 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

3 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative importdeclarative_base4 from sqlalchemy importColumn, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index5 from sqlalchemy.orm importsessionmaker, relationship6 from sqlalchemy importcreate_engine7

8 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)9

10 Base =declarative_base()11

12 #创建单表

13 classUsers(Base):14 __tablename__ = 'users'

15 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)16 name = Column(String(32))17 extra = Column(String(16))18

19 __table_args__ =(20 UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),21 Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),22 )23

24

25 #一对多

26 classFavor(Base):27 __tablename__ = 'favor'

28 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)29 caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)30

31

32 classPerson(Base):33 __tablename__ = 'person'

34 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)35 name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)36 favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))37

38

39 #多对多

40 classGroup(Base):41 __tablename__ = 'group'

42 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)43 name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)44 port = Column(Integer, default=22)45

46

47 classServer(Base):48 __tablename__ = 'server'

49

50 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)51 hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)52

53

54 classServerToGroup(Base):55 __tablename__ = 'servertogroup'

56 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)57 server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))58 group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))59

60

61 definit_db():62 Base.metadata.create_all(engine)63

64

65 defdrop_db():66 Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

注：设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])

2、操作表

1 #!/usr/bin/env python

2 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

3 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative importdeclarative_base4 from sqlalchemy importColumn, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index5 from sqlalchemy.orm importsessionmaker, relationship6 from sqlalchemy importcreate_engine7

8 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)9

10 Base =declarative_base()11

12 #创建单表

13 classUsers(Base):14 __tablename__ = 'users'

15 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)16 name = Column(String(32))17 extra = Column(String(16))18

19 __table_args__ =(20 UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),21 Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),22 )23

24 def __repr__(self):25 return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)26

27 #一对多

28 classFavor(Base):29 __tablename__ = 'favor'

30 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)31 caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)32

33 def __repr__(self):34 return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)35

36 classPerson(Base):37 __tablename__ = 'person'

38 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)39 name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)40 favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))41 #与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便

42 favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')43

44 #多对多

45 classServerToGroup(Base):46 __tablename__ = 'servertogroup'

47 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)48 server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))49 group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))50 group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')51 server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')52

53 classGroup(Base):54 __tablename__ = 'group'

55 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)56 name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)57 port = Column(Integer, default=22)58 #group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')

59

60

61 classServer(Base):62 __tablename__ = 'server'

63

64 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)65 hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)66

67

68

69

70 definit_db():71 Base.metadata.create_all(engine)72

73

74 defdrop_db():75 Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)76

77

78 Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)79 session =Session()80

81 表结构 + 数据库连接

表结构+数据库

增

1 obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')2 session.add(obj)3 session.add_all([4 Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),5 Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),6 ])7 session.commit()

View Code

删

1 session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()2 session.commit()

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改

1 session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})2 session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)3 session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")4 session.commit()

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查

1 ret =session.query(Users).all()2 ret =session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()3 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()4 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()5

6 ret = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=':name")).params(value=224,'>

8 ret = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()

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补充

1 #条件

2 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()3 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()4 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()5 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()6 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()7 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()8 from sqlalchemy importand_, or_9 ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()10 ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()11 ret =session.query(Users).filter(12 or_(13 Users.id < 2,14 and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),15 Users.extra != ""

16 )).all()17

18

19 #通配符

20 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()21 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()22

23 #限制

24 ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]25

26 #排序

27 ret =session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()28 ret =session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()29

30 #分组

31 from sqlalchemy.sql importfunc32

33 ret =session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()34 ret =session.query(35 func.max(Users.id),36 func.sum(Users.id),37 func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()38

39 ret =session.query(40 func.max(Users.id),41 func.sum(Users.id),42 func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()43

44 #连表

45

46 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id ==Favor.nid).all()47

48 ret =session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()49

50 ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()51

52

53 #组合

54 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)55 q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)56 ret =q1.union(q2).all()57

58 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)59 q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)60 ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

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更多功能参见文档，猛击这里下载PDF。