一.变量
1 什么是变量之声明变量
#变量名=变量值
age=18
gender1='male'
gender2='female'
2 为什么要有变量
变量作用：“变”=>变化，“量”=>计量/保存状态
程序的运行本质是一系列状态的变化，变量的目的就是用来保存状态，变量值的变化就构成了程序运行的不同结果。
例如：CS枪战，一个人的生命可以表示为life＝active表示存活，当满足某种条件后修改变量life＝inactive表示死亡。
3 变量值之类型与对象
程序中需要处理的状态很多，于是有了不同类型的变量值，x='egon',变量值'egon'存放与内存中，绑定一个名字x，变量值即我们要存储的数据。
在python中所有数据都是围绕对象这个概念来构建的，对象包含一些基本的数据类型：数字，字符串，列表，元组，字典等
程序中存储的所有数据都是对象，
一个对象（如a=1）有：
一个身份（id）
一个类型(type)
一个值(通过变量名a来查看)
1 对象的类型也称为对象的类别，python为每个类型都定制了属于该类型特有的方法，极大地方便了开发者对数据的处理
2 创建某个特定类型的对象也称为创建了该类型的一个实例，工厂函数的概念来源于此
4 可变对象与不可变对象
实例被创建后，身份和类型是不可变的，
如果值是不可以被修改的，则是不可变对象
如果值是可以被修改的，则是可变对象
5 容器对象
某个对象包含对其他对象的引用，则称为容器或集合
6 对象的属性和方法
属性就是对象的值，方法就是调用时将在对象本身上执行某些操作的函数，使用.运算符可以访问对象的属性和方法，如
a=3+4j
a.real
b=[1,2,3]
b.append(4)
7 身份比较，类型比较，值比较
x=1
y=1
x is y #x与y是同一个对象，is比较的是id，即身份
type(x) is type(y) #对象的类型本身也是一个对象，所以可以用is比较两个对象的类型的身份
x == y #==比较的是两个对象的值是否相等
7 变量的命名规范
变量命名规则遵循标识符命名规则，详见第二篇
8 变量的赋值操作
与c语言的区别在于变量赋值操作无返回值
链式赋值：y＝x＝a＝1
多元赋值：x,y=1,2 x,y=y,x
增量赋值：x+=1
二.数据类型
2.1 什么是数据类型及数据类型分类
程序的本质就是驱使计算机去处理各种状态的变化，这些状态分为很多种
例如英雄联盟游戏，一个人物角色有名字，钱，等级，装备等特性，大家第一时间会想到这么表示
名字：德玛西亚－－－－－－－－－－－－>字符串
钱：10000 －－－－－－－－－－－－>数字
等级：15 －－－－－－－－－－－－>数字
装备：鞋子，日炎斗篷，兰顿之兆－－－－>列表
(记录这些人物特性的是变量，这些特性的真实存在则是变量的值，存不同的特性需要用不同类型的值)
python中的数据类型
python使用对象模型来存储数据，每一个数据类型都有一个内置的类，每新建一个数据，实际就是在初始化生成一个对象，即所有数据都是对象
对象三个特性
身份：内存地址，可以用id()获取
类型：决定了该对象可以保存什么类型值，可执行何种操作，需遵循什么规则，可用type()获取
值：对象保存的真实数据
注：我们在定义数据类型，只需这样：x＝1，内部生成1这一内存对象会自动触发，我们无需关心
这里的字符串、数字、列表等都是数据类型（用来描述某种状态或者特性）除此之外还有很多其他数据，处理不同的数据就需要定义不同的数据类型
标准类型
其他类型
数字
类型type
字符串
Null
列表
文件
元组
集合
字典
函数／方法
类
模块
2.2 标准数据类型：
2.2.1 数字
定义：a＝1
特性：
1.只能存放一个值
2.一经定义，不可更改
3.直接访问
分类：整型，长整型，布尔，浮点，复数
2.2.1.1 整型:
Python的整型相当于C中的long型,Python中的整数可以用十进制,八进制,十六进制表示。
>>> 10
10 --------->默认十进制
>>> oct(10)
'012' --------->八进制表示整数时，数值前面要加上一个前缀“0”
>>> hex(10)
'0xa' --------->十六进制表示整数时，数字前面要加上前缀0X或0x
python2.*与python3.*关于整型的区别
python2.*
在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647
在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807
python3.*整形长度无限制
整型工厂函数int()
class int(object):""" int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or longConvert a number orstring to an integer, or return 0 ifno arguments
are given. If xisfloating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If xis outside the integer range, the function returns a longinstead.
If xis not a number or if base is given, then x must be a stringor
Unicodeobject representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by'+' or '-'and be surrounded by whitespace.
Thebase defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0means to
interpret thebase from the string asan integer literal.>>> int('0b100', base=0)"""def bit_length(self):"""返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数"""
""" int.bit_length() -> intNumber of bits necessary to represent selfinbinary.>>> bin(37)'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()""" return 0def conjugate(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""返回该复数的共轭复数"""
"""Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int."""pass
def __abs__(self):"""返回绝对值"""
"""x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)"""pass
def __add__(self, y):"""x.__add__(y) <==> x+y"""pass
def __and__(self, y):"""x.__and__(y) <==> x&y"""pass
def __cmp__(self, y):"""比较两个数大小"""
"""x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)"""pass
def __coerce__(self, y):"""强制生成一个元组"""
"""x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)"""pass
def __divmod__(self, y):"""相除，得到商和余数组成的元组"""
"""x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)"""pass
def __div__(self, y):"""x.__div__(y) <==> x/y"""pass
def __float__(self):"""转换为浮点类型"""
"""x.__float__() <==> float(x)"""pass
def __floordiv__(self, y):"""x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y"""pass
def __format__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name):"""x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name"""pass
def __getnewargs__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用"""pass
def __hash__(self):"""如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
"""x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)"""pass
def __hex__(self):"""返回当前数的 十六进制 表示"""
"""x.__hex__() <==> hex(x)"""pass
def __index__(self):"""用于切片，数字无意义"""
"""x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()]"""pass
def __init__(self, x,base=10): # known special case of int.__init__"""构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略"""
""" int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or longConvert a number orstring to an integer, or return 0 ifno arguments
are given. If xisfloating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If xis outside the integer range, the function returns a longinstead.
If xis not a number or if base is given, then x must be a stringor
Unicodeobject representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by'+' or '-'and be surrounded by whitespace.
Thebase defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0means to
interpret thebase from the string asan integer literal.>>> int('0b100', base=0)
# (copiedfrom classdoc)"""pass
def __int__(self):"""转换为整数"""
"""x.__int__() <==> int(x)"""pass
def __invert__(self):"""x.__invert__() <==> ~x"""pass
def __long__(self):"""转换为长整数"""
"""x.__long__() <==> long(x)"""pass
def __lshift__(self, y):"""x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<
def __mod__(self, y):"""x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y"""pass
def __mul__(self, y):"""x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y"""pass
def __neg__(self):"""x.__neg__() <==> -x"""pass
@staticmethod # knowncaseof __new__
def __new__(S,*more):"""T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T"""pass
def __nonzero__(self):"""x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0"""pass
def __oct__(self):"""返回改值的 八进制 表示"""
"""x.__oct__() <==> oct(x)"""pass
def __or__(self, y):"""x.__or__(y) <==> x|y"""pass
def __pos__(self):"""x.__pos__() <==> +x"""pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None):"""幂，次方"""
"""x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])"""pass
def __radd__(self, y):"""x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x"""pass
def __rand__(self, y):"""x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x"""pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y):"""x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)"""pass
def __rdiv__(self, y):"""x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x"""pass
def __repr__(self):"""转化为解释器可读取的形式"""
"""x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""pass
def __str__(self):"""转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
"""x.__str__() <==> str(x)"""pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y):"""x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x"""pass
def __rlshift__(self, y):"""x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<
def __rmod__(self, y):"""x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x"""pass
def __rmul__(self, y):"""x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x"""pass
def __ror__(self, y):"""x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x"""pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):"""y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])"""pass
def __rrshift__(self, y):"""x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x"""pass
def __rshift__(self, y):"""x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y"""pass
def __rsub__(self, y):"""x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x"""pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y):"""x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x"""pass
def __rxor__(self, y):"""x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x"""pass
def __sub__(self, y):"""x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y"""pass
def __truediv__(self, y):"""x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y"""pass
def __trunc__(self,*args, **kwargs):"""返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义"""pass
def __xor__(self, y):"""x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y"""pass
denominator= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""分母 = 1"""
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""imag= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""虚数，无意义"""
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""numerator= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""分子 = 数字大小"""
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""real= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""实属，无意义"""
"""the real part of a complex number"""
intpython2.7
python2.7
class int(object):""" int(x=0) ->integerint(x, base=10) ->integer
Convert a number orstring to an integer, or return 0 ifno arguments
are given. If xis a number, returnx.__int__(). For floating point
numbers,thistruncates towards zero.
If xis not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literalinthe
givenbase. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-'and be surrounded
by whitespace. Thebase defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base0 means to interpret the base from the string asan integer literal.>>> int('0b100', base=0)""" def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__"""返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数"""
""" int.bit_length() -> intNumber of bits necessary to represent selfinbinary.>>> bin(37)'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()""" return 0def conjugate(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""返回该复数的共轭复数"""
"""Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int."""pass
@classmethod # knowncasedef from_bytes(cls, bytes, byteorder,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from__doc__""" int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> intReturn the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
The bytes argument must be a bytes-like object(e.g. bytes or bytearray).
The byteorder argument determines thebyteorder used to represent the
integer. If byteorderis 'big', the most significant byte isat the
beginning of thebyte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
significantbyte is at the end of the bytearray. To request the nativebyte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder'as the byte order value.
The signed keyword-only argument indicates whether two's complement is
used to represent the integer."""pass
def to_bytes(self, length, byteorder,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from__doc__""" int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False) ->bytes
Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
The integeris represented using length bytes. An OverflowError israisedif the integer isnot representable with the given number of
bytes.
The byteorder argument determines thebyteorder used to represent the
integer. If byteorderis 'big', the most significant byte isat the
beginning of thebyte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
significantbyte is at the end of the bytearray. To request the nativebyte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder'as the byte order value.
The signed keyword-only argument determines whether two's complement is
used to represent the integer. If signed isFalse and a negative integeris given, an OverflowError israised."""pass
def __abs__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""abs(self)"""pass
def __add__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self+value."""pass
def __and__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self&value."""pass
def __bool__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""self != 0"""pass
def __ceil__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""整数返回自己
如果是小数
math.ceil(3.1)返回4""" """Ceiling of an Integral returns itself."""pass
def __divmod__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""相除，得到商和余数组成的元组"""
"""Return divmod(self, value)."""pass
def __eq__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self==value."""pass
def __float__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""float(self)"""pass
def __floordiv__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self//value."""pass
def __floor__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Flooring an Integral returns itself."""pass
def __format__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return getattr(self, name)."""pass
def __getnewargs__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __ge__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>=value."""pass
def __gt__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>value."""pass
def __hash__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return hash(self)."""pass
def __index__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""用于切片，数字无意义"""
"""Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list."""pass
def __init__(self, x,base=10): # known special case of int.__init__"""构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略"""
""" int(x=0) ->integerint(x, base=10) ->integer
Convert a number orstring to an integer, or return 0 ifno arguments
are given. If xis a number, returnx.__int__(). For floating point
numbers,thistruncates towards zero.
If xis not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literalinthe
givenbase. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-'and be surrounded
by whitespace. Thebase defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base0 means to interpret the base from the string asan integer literal.>>> int('0b100', base=0)
# (copiedfrom classdoc)"""pass
def __int__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""int(self)"""pass
def __invert__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""~self"""pass
def __le__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self<=value."""pass
def __lshift__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self<
def __lt__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self
def __mod__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self%value."""pass
def __mul__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self*value."""pass
def __neg__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""-self"""pass
@staticmethod # knowncaseof __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature."""pass
def __ne__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self!=value."""pass
def __or__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self|value."""pass
def __pos__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""+self"""pass
def __pow__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return pow(self, value, mod)."""pass
def __radd__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value+self."""pass
def __rand__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value&self."""pass
def __rdivmod__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return divmod(value, self)."""pass
def __repr__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return repr(self)."""pass
def __rfloordiv__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value//self."""pass
def __rlshift__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value<
def __rmod__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value%self."""pass
def __rmul__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value*self."""pass
def __ror__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value|self."""pass
def __round__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Rounding an Integral returns itself.
Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer."""pass
def __rpow__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return pow(value, self, mod)."""pass
def __rrshift__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value>>self."""pass
def __rshift__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>>value."""pass
def __rsub__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value-self."""pass
def __rtruediv__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value/self."""pass
def __rxor__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value^self."""pass
def __sizeof__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Returns size in memory, in bytes"""pass
def __str__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return str(self)."""pass
def __sub__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self-value."""pass
def __truediv__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self/value."""pass
def __trunc__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Truncating an Integral returns itself."""pass
def __xor__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self^value."""pass
denominator= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""imag= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""numerator= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""real= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the real part of a complex number"""python3.5
python3.5
2.2.1.2 长整型long：
python2.*：
跟C语言不同，Python的长整型没有指定位宽，也就是说Python没有限制长整型数值的大小，
但是实际上由于机器内存有限，所以我们使用的长整型数值不可能无限大。
在使用过程中，我们如何区分长整型和整型数值呢？
通常的做法是在数字尾部加上一个大写字母L或小写字母l以表示该整数是长整型的，例如：
a = 9223372036854775808L
注意，自从Python2起，如果发生溢出，Python会自动将整型数据转换为长整型，
所以如今在长整型数据后面不加字母L也不会导致严重后果了。
python3.*
长整型，整型统一归为整型
python2.7
>>> a=9223372036854775807
>>>a>>> a+=1
>>>a9223372036854775808Lpython3.5
>>> a=9223372036854775807
>>>a>>> a+=1
>>>a
查看
查看
2.2.1.3 布尔bool:
True 和False
1和0
2.2.1.4 浮点数float:
Python的浮点数就是数学中的小数，类似C语言中的double。
在运算中，整数与浮点数运算的结果是浮点数
浮点数也就是小数，之所以称为浮点数，是因为按照科学记数法表示时，
一个浮点数的小数点位置是可变的，比如，1.23*109和12.3*108是相等的。
浮点数可以用数学写法，如1.23，3.14，-9.01，等等。但是对于很大或很小的浮点数，
就必须用科学计数法表示，把10用e替代，1.23*109就是1.23e9，或者12.3e8，0.000012
可以写成1.2e-5，等等。
整数和浮点数在计算机内部存储的方式是不同的，整数运算永远是精确的而浮点数运算则可能会有
四舍五入的误差。
2.2.1.5 复数complex:
复数由实数部分和虚数部分组成，一般形式为x＋yj，其中的x是复数的实数部分，y是复数的虚数部分，这里的x和y都是实数。
注意，虚数部分的字母j大小写都可以，
>>> 1.3 + 2.5j == 1.3 + 2.5J
True
2.2.1.6 数字相关内建函数
2.2.2 字符串
定义：它是一个有序的字符的集合，用于存储和表示基本的文本信息，‘’或“”或‘’‘ ’‘’中间包含的内容称之为字符串
特性：
1.只能存放一个值
2.不可变
3.按照从左到右的顺序定义字符集合，下标从0开始顺序访问，有序
补充：
1.字符串的单引号和双引号都无法取消特殊字符的含义，如果想让引号内所有字符均取消特殊意义，在引号前面加r，如name＝r'l\thf'
2.unicode字符串与r连用必需在r前面，如name＝ur'l\thf'
2.2.2.1 字符串创建
‘hello world’
2.2.2.2 字符串常用操作
移除空白
分割
长度
索引
切片
2.2.2.3 字符工厂函数str()
class str(object):""" str(object='') ->str
str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]])->str
Create anew string object from the given object. If encoding or
errorsis specified, then the objectmust expose a data buffer
that will be decodedusingthe given encoding and error handler.
Otherwise, returns the result ofobject.__str__() (ifdefined)
or repr(object).
encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
errors defaults to'strict'.""" def capitalize(self): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__"""首字母变大写
S.capitalize()->str
Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
have uppercase and the rest lower case.""" return ""def casefold(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.casefold() ->str
Return a version of S suitableforcaseless comparisons.""" return ""def center(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__"""原来字符居中，不够用空格补全
S.center(width[, fillchar])->str
Return S centeredin a string of length width. Padding isdoneusing the specified fill character (default isa space)""" return ""def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__"""从一个范围内的统计某str出现次数
S.count(sub[, start[, end]])-> intReturn the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
stringS[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are
interpretedas inslice notation.""" return 0def encode(self, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" encode(encoding='utf-8',errors='strict')
以encoding指定编码格式编码，如果出错默认报一个ValueError，除非errors指定的是
ignore或replace
S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') ->bytes
Encode Susing the codec registered forencoding. Default encodingis 'utf-8'. errors may be given to seta different error
handling scheme. Defaultis 'strict'meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are'ignore', 'replace'and'xmlcharrefreplace' as well asany other name registered with
codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.""" return b""def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> boolReturn TrueifS ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings totry.""" returnFalse
def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__"""将字符串中包含的\t转换成tabsize个空格
S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) ->str
Return a copy of Swhere all tab characters are expanded usingspaces.
If tabsizeis not given, a tab size of 8 characters isassumed.""" return ""def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> intReturn the lowest indexin S where substring sub isfound,
such that subiscontained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpretedas inslice notation.
Return-1on failure.""" return 0def format(self,*args, **kwargs): # known special caseof str.format"""格式化输出
三种形式：
形式一.>>> print('{0}{1}{0}'.format('a','b'))
aba
形式二：（必须一一对应）>>> print('{}{}{}'.format('a','b'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File"", line 1, in IndexError: tuple indexoutof range>>> print('{}{}'.format('a','b'))
ab
形式三：>>> print('{name} {age}'.format(age=12,name='lhf'))
lhf12S.format(*args, **kwargs) ->str
Return a formatted version of S,using substitutions fromargs and kwargs.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}')."""pass
def format_map(self, mapping): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""与format区别'{name}'.format(**dict(name='alex'))'{name}'.format_map(dict(name='alex'))
S.format_map(mapping)->str
Return a formatted version of S,using substitutions frommapping.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').""" return ""def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> intLike S.find() but raise ValueError when the substringisnot found.""" return 0def isalnum(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""至少一个字符，且都是字母或数字才返回True
S.isalnum()-> boolReturn Trueif all characters inS are alphanumeric
and thereis at least one character inS, False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def isalpha(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""至少一个字符，且都是字母才返回True
S.isalpha()-> boolReturn Trueif all characters inS are alphabetic
and thereis at least one character inS, False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def isdecimal(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.isdecimal() -> boolReturn Trueif there are only decimal characters inS,
False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def isdigit(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.isdigit() -> boolReturn Trueif all characters inS are digits
and thereis at least one character inS, False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def isidentifier(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""字符串为关键字返回True
S.isidentifier()-> boolReturn Trueif S isa valid identifier according
to the language definition.
Use keyword.iskeyword() to testforreserved identifiers
suchas "def" and "class".""" returnFalse
def islower(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""至少一个字符，且都是小写字母才返回True
S.islower()-> boolReturn Trueif all cased characters in S are lowercase and there isat least one cased characterinS, False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def isnumeric(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.isnumeric() -> boolReturn Trueif there are only numeric characters inS,
False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def isprintable(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.isprintable() -> boolReturn Trueif all characters inS are considered
printablein repr() or S isempty, False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def isspace(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""至少一个字符，且都是空格才返回True
S.isspace()-> boolReturn Trueif all characters inS are whitespace
and thereis at least one character inS, False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def istitle(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" >>> a='Hello'
>>>a.istitle()
True>>> a='HellP'
>>>a.istitle()
False
S.istitle()-> boolReturn Trueif S is a titlecased string and there isat least one
characterin S, i.e. upper-and titlecase characters may only
follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
Return False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def isupper(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.isupper() -> boolReturn Trueif all cased characters in S are uppercase and there isat least one cased characterinS, False otherwise.""" returnFalse
def join(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" #对序列进行操作（分别使用' '与':'作为分隔符）>>> seq1 = ['hello','good','boy','doiido']>>> print ' '.join(seq1)
hello good boy doiido>>> print ':'.join(seq1)
hello:good:boy:doiido
#对字符串进行操作>>> seq2 = "hello good boy doiido"
>>> print ':'.join(seq2)
h:e:l:l:o: :g:o:o:d: :b:o:y: :d:o:i:i:d:o
#对元组进行操作>>> seq3 = ('hello','good','boy','doiido')>>> print ':'.join(seq3)
hello:good:boy:doiido
#对字典进行操作>>> seq4 = {'hello':1,'good':2,'boy':3,'doiido':4}>>> print ':'.join(seq4)
boy:good:doiido:hello
#合并目录>>>import os>>> os.path.join('/hello/','good/boy/','doiido')'/hello/good/boy/doiido'S.join(iterable)->str
Return astring which is the concatenation of the strings inthe
iterable. The separator between elementsisS.""" return ""def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) ->str
Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding isdoneusing the specified fill character (default isa space).""" return ""def lower(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.lower() ->str
Return a copy of thestringS converted to lowercase.""" return ""def lstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.lstrip([chars]) ->str
Return a copy of thestringS with leading whitespace removed.
If charsis given and not None, remove characters inchars instead.""" return ""def maketrans(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Return a translation table usable forstr.translate().
If thereisonly one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, andin the resulting dictionary, each character inx will be mapped to the
character at the same positionin y. If there isa third argument, it
must be astring, whose characters will be mapped to None inthe result."""pass
def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""以sep为分割，将S分成head,sep,tail三部分
S.partition(sep)->(head, sep, tail)
Searchfor the separator sep in S, and returnthe part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separatorisnot
found,returnS and two empty strings."""pass
def replace(self, old,new, count=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.replace(old, new[, count]) ->str
Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced bynew. If the optional argument count isgiven, only the first count occurrences are replaced.""" return ""def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> intReturn the highest indexin S where substring sub isfound,
such that subiscontained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpretedas inslice notation.
Return-1on failure.""" return 0def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> intLike S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substringisnot found.""" return 0def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) ->str
Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding isdoneusing the specified fill character (default isa space).""" return ""def rpartition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.rpartition(sep) ->(head, sep, tail)
Searchfor the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and returnthe part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separatoris not found, returntwo empty strings and S."""pass
def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) ->list of strings
Return a list of the wordsin S, using sep asthe
delimiterstring, starting at the end of the stringand
working to the front. If maxsplitisgiven, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sepis not specified, any whitespace string
isa separator.""" return[]
def rstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.rstrip([chars]) ->str
Return a copy of thestringS with trailing whitespace removed.
If charsis given and not None, remove characters inchars instead.""" return ""def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__"""以sep为分割，将S切分成列表，与partition的区别在于切分结果不包含sep，
如果一个字符串中包含多个sep那么maxsplit为最多切分成几部分>>> a='a,b c\nd\te'
>>>a.split()
['a,b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) ->list of strings
Return a list of the wordsin S, using sep asthe
delimiterstring. If maxsplit isgiven, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sepis not specified or isNone, any
whitespacestring isa separator and empty strings are
removedfromthe result.""" return[]
def splitlines(self, keepends=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" Python splitlines() 按照行('\r', '\r\n', \n')分隔，
返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表，如果参数 keepends 为 False，不包含换行符，如 果为 True，则保留换行符。>>>x'adsfasdf\nsadf\nasdf\nadf'
>>>x.splitlines()
['adsfasdf', 'sadf', 'asdf', 'adf']>>>x.splitlines(True)
['adsfasdf\n', 'sadf\n', 'asdf\n', 'adf']
S.splitlines([keepends])->list of strings
Return a list of the linesinS, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks are not includedinthe resulting list unless keependsis given and true.""" return[]
def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> boolReturn TrueifS starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings totry.""" returnFalse
def strip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" S.strip([chars]) ->str
Return a copy of thestringS with leading and trailing
whitespace removed.
If charsis given and not None, remove characters inchars instead.""" return ""def swapcase(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""大小写反转
S.swapcase()->str
Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase
and vice versa.""" return ""def title(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.title() ->str
Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with titlecasecharacters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.""" return ""def translate(self, table): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" table=str.maketrans('alex','big SB')
a='hello abc'print(a.translate(table))
S.translate(table)->str
Return a copy of thestring S inwhich each character has been mapped
through the given translation table. The table must implement
lookup/indexing via __getitem__, forinstance a dictionary or list,
mapping Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None. Ifthis operation raises LookupError, the character isleft untouched.
Characters mapped to None are deleted.""" return ""def upper(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.upper() ->str
Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.""" return ""def zfill(self, width): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""原来字符右对齐，不够用0补齐
S.zfill(width)->str
Pad a numericstringS with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. Thestring S isnever truncated.""" return ""def __add__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self+value."""pass
def __contains__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return key in self."""pass
def __eq__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self==value."""pass
def __format__(self, format_spec): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" S.__format__(format_spec) ->str
Return a formatted version of Sasdescribed by format_spec.""" return ""def __getattribute__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return getattr(self, name)."""pass
def __getitem__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self[key]."""pass
def __getnewargs__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __ge__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>=value."""pass
def __gt__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>value."""pass
def __hash__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return hash(self)."""pass
def __init__(self, value='', encoding=None, errors='strict'): # known special caseof str.__init__""" str(object='') ->str
str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]])->str
Create anew string object from the given object. If encoding or
errorsis specified, then the objectmust expose a data buffer
that will be decodedusingthe given encoding and error handler.
Otherwise, returns the result ofobject.__str__() (ifdefined)
or repr(object).
encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
errors defaults to'strict'.
# (copiedfrom classdoc)"""pass
def __iter__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Implement iter(self)."""pass
def __len__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return len(self)."""pass
def __le__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self<=value."""pass
def __lt__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self
def __mod__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self%value."""pass
def __mul__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self*value.n"""pass
@staticmethod # knowncaseof __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature."""pass
def __ne__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self!=value."""pass
def __repr__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return repr(self)."""pass
def __rmod__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value%self."""pass
def __rmul__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self*value."""pass
def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes"""pass
def __str__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return str(self)."""pass
字符串工厂函数
字符串工厂函数
字符串工厂函数
num = "1"#unicode
num.isdigit() # True
num.isdecimal() # True
num.isnumeric() # True
num= "1"# 全角
num.isdigit() # True
num.isdecimal() # True
num.isnumeric() # True
num= b"1" # bytenum.isdigit() # True
num.isdecimal() # AttributeError'bytes' object has no attribute 'isdecimal'num.isnumeric() # AttributeError'bytes' object has no attribute 'isnumeric'num= "IV"# 罗马数字
num.isdigit() # True
num.isdecimal() # False
num.isnumeric() # True
num= "四"# 汉字
num.isdigit() # False
num.isdecimal() # False
num.isnumeric() # True===================isdigit()
True: Unicode数字，byte数字（单字节），全角数字（双字节），罗马数字
False: 汉字数字
Error: 无
isdecimal()
True: Unicode数字，，全角数字（双字节）
False: 罗马数字，汉字数字
Error: byte数字（单字节）
isnumeric()
True: Unicode数字，全角数字（双字节），罗马数字，汉字数字
False: 无
Error: byte数字（单字节）================import unicodedata
unicodedata.digit("2") # 2unicodedata.decimal("2") # 2unicodedata.numeric("2") # 2.0unicodedata.digit("2") # 2unicodedata.decimal("2") # 2unicodedata.numeric("2") # 2.0unicodedata.digit(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
unicodedata.decimal(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
unicodedata.numeric(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
unicodedata.digit("Ⅷ") # ValueError: not a digit
unicodedata.decimal("Ⅷ") # ValueError: not a decimalunicodedata.numeric("Ⅷ") # 8.0unicodedata.digit("四") # ValueError: not a digit
unicodedata.decimal("四") # ValueError: not a decimalunicodedata.numeric("四") # 4.0#"〇","零","一","壱","二","弐","三","参","四","五","六","七","八","九","十","廿","卅","卌","百","千","万","万","亿"python中str函数isdigit、isdecimal、isnumeric的区别
python中str函数isdigit、isdecimal、isnumeric的区别
2.2.3 列表
定义：[]内以逗号分隔，按照索引，存放各种数据类型，每个位置代表一个元素
特性：
1.可存放多个值
2.可修改指定索引位置对应的值，可变
3.按照从左到右的顺序定义列表元素，下标从0开始顺序访问，有序
2.2.3.1 列表创建
list_test=[’lhf‘,12,'ok']
或
list_test=list('abc')
或
list_test=list([’lhf‘,12,'ok'])
2.2.3.2 列表常用操作
索引
切片
追加
删除
长度
切片
循环
包含
2.2.3.3 列表工厂函数list()
class list(object):""" list() -> newempty list
list(iterable)-> new list initialized from iterable's items
""" def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__"""L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end"""pass
def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L"""pass
def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L"""
return[]
def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value"""
return 0def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable"""pass
def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- returnfirst index of value.
Raises ValueErrorif the value isnot present.""" return 0def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index"""pass
def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__""" L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (defaultlast).
Raises IndexErrorif list is empty or index is outof range."""pass
def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__""" L.remove(value) -> None --remove first occurrence of value.
Raises ValueErrorif the value isnot present."""pass
def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*"""pass
def sort(self, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from__doc__"""L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE*"""pass
def __add__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self+value."""pass
def __contains__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return key in self."""pass
def __delitem__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Delete self[key]."""pass
def __eq__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self==value."""pass
def __getattribute__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return getattr(self, name)."""pass
def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]"""pass
def __ge__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>=value."""pass
def __gt__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>value."""pass
def __iadd__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Implement self+=value."""pass
def __imul__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Implement self*=value."""pass
def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special caseof list.__init__""" list() -> newempty list
list(iterable)-> new list initialized from iterable's items
# (copied from classdoc)"""pass
def __iter__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Implement iter(self)."""pass
def __len__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return len(self)."""pass
def __le__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self<=value."""pass
def __lt__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self
def __mul__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self*value.n"""pass
@staticmethod # knowncaseof __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature."""pass
def __ne__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self!=value."""pass
def __repr__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return repr(self)."""pass
def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list"""pass
def __rmul__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self*value."""pass
def __setitem__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Set self[key] to value."""pass
def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes"""pass
__hash__=None
查看
查看
2.2.4 元组
定义：与列表类似，只不过［］改成（）
特性：
1.可存放多个值
2.不可变
3.按照从左到右的顺序定义元组元素，下标从0开始顺序访问，有序
2.2.4.1 元组创建
ages = (11, 22, 33, 44, 55)
或
ages = tuple((11, 22, 33, 44, 55))
2.2.4.2 元组常用操作
索引
切片
循环
长度
包含
2.2.4.3 元组工厂函数tuple()
2.2.5 字典
定义：｛key1:value1,key2:value2｝,key-value结构，key必须可hash
特性：
1.可存放多个值
2.可修改指定key对应的值，可变
3.无序
2.2.5.1 字典创建
person = {"name": "sb", 'age': 18}
或
person = dict(name='sb', age=18)
person = dict({"name": "sb", 'age': 18})
person = dict((['name','sb'],['age',18]))
{}.fromkeys(seq,100) #不指定100默认为None
注意：
>>> dic={}.fromkeys(['k1','k2'],[])
>>> dic
{'k1': [], 'k2': []}
>>> dic['k1'].append(1)
>>> dic
{'k1': [1], 'k2': [1]}
2.2.5.2 字典常用操作
索引
新增
删除
键、值、键值对
循环
长度
2.2.5.3 字典工厂函数dict()
2.2.6 集合
定义：由不同元素组成的集合，集合中是一组无序排列的可hash值，可以作为字典的key
特性：
1.集合的目的是将不同的值存放到一起，不同的集合间用来做关系运算，无需纠结于集合中单个值
2.2.6.1 集合创建
{1,2,3,1}
或
定义可变集合set
>>> set_test=set('hello')
>>> set_test
{'l', 'o', 'e', 'h'}
改为不可变集合frozenset
>>> f_set_test=frozenset(set_test)
>>> f_set_test
frozenset({'l', 'e', 'h', 'o'})
2.2.6.2 集合常用操作：关系运算
in
not in
＝＝
！＝
<,<=
>,>=
|,|=:合集
&.&=:交集
－,－=:差集
^,^=:对称差分
2.2.6.3 集合工厂函数set()
class set(object):""" set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set objectBuild an unordered collection of unique elements.""" def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Add an element to a set.
This has no effectif the element isalready present."""pass
def clear(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Remove all elements from this set."""pass
def copy(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return a shallow copy of a set."""pass
def difference(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 相当于s1-s2
Return the difference of two or more setsas a new set.
(i.e. all elements that arein this setbut not the others.)"""pass
def difference_update(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Remove all elements of another set from this set."""pass
def discard(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""与remove功能相同，删除元素不存在时不会抛出异常
Remove an elementfrom a set if it isa member.
If the elementis not a member, donothing."""pass
def intersection(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 相当于s1&s2
Return the intersection of two setsas a new set.
(i.e. all elements that areinboth sets.)"""pass
def intersection_update(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Update a set with the intersection of itself and another."""pass
def isdisjoint(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return True if two sets have a null intersection."""pass
def issubset(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""
相当于s1<=s2
Report whether anotherset contains this set. """pass
def issuperset(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 相当于s1>=s2
Report whetherthis set contains another set. """pass
def pop(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Remove and return an arbitrary setelement.
Raises KeyErrorif the set isempty."""pass
def remove(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
If the elementisnot a member, raise a KeyError."""pass
def symmetric_difference(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 相当于s1^s2
Return the symmetric difference of two setsas a new set.
(i.e. all elements that areinexactly one of the sets.)"""pass
def symmetric_difference_update(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another."""pass
def union(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 相当于s1|s2
Return the union of setsas a new set.
(i.e. all elements that arein either set.)"""pass
def update(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Update a set with the union of itself and others."""pass
def __and__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self&value."""pass
def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x."""pass
def __eq__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self==value."""pass
def __getattribute__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return getattr(self, name)."""pass
def __ge__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>=value."""pass
def __gt__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self>value."""pass
def __iand__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self&=value."""pass
def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__""" set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set objectBuild an unordered collection of unique elements.
# (copiedfrom classdoc)"""pass
def __ior__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self|=value."""pass
def __isub__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self-=value."""pass
def __iter__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Implement iter(self)."""pass
def __ixor__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self^=value."""pass
def __len__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return len(self)."""pass
def __le__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self<=value."""pass
def __lt__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self
@staticmethod # knowncaseof __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature."""pass
def __ne__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self!=value."""pass
def __or__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self|value."""pass
def __rand__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value&self."""pass
def __reduce__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return state information for pickling."""pass
def __repr__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return repr(self)."""pass
def __ror__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value|self."""pass
def __rsub__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value-self."""pass
def __rxor__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return value^self."""pass
def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restoredfrom__doc__"""S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes"""pass
def __sub__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self-value."""pass
def __xor__(self,*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return self^value."""pass
__hash__=None
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2.2.7 bytes类型
定义：存8bit整数，数据基于网络传输或内存变量存储到硬盘时需要转成bytes类型,字符串前置b代表为bytes类型
>>> x
'hello sb'
>>> x.encode('gb2312')
b'hello sb'
2.2.8 数据类型转换内置函数汇总
注：真对acsii表unichr在python2.7中比chr的范围更大，python3.*中chr内置了unichar
三.运算符
1、算数运算：
2、比较运算：
3、赋值运算：
4、位运算：
注： ~ 举例： ~5 = -6 解释： 将二进制数+1之后乘以-1，即~x = -(x+1)，-(101 + 1) = -110
按位反转仅能用在数字前面。所以写成 3+~5 可以得到结果-3，写成3~5就出错了
5、逻辑运算：
and注解：
在Python 中，and 和 or 执行布尔逻辑演算，如你所期待的一样，但是它们并不返回布尔值；而是，返回它们实际进行比较的值之一。
在布尔上下文中从左到右演算表达式的值，如果布尔上下文中的所有值都为真，那么 and 返回最后一个值。
如果布尔上下文中的某个值为假，则 and 返回第一个假值
or注解：
使用 or 时，在布尔上下文中从左到右演算值，就像 and 一样。如果有一个值为真，or 立刻返回该值
如果所有的值都为假，or 返回最后一个假值
注意 or 在布尔上下文中会一直进行表达式演算直到找到第一个真值，然后就会忽略剩余的比较值
and-or结合使用：
结合了前面的两种语法，推理即可。
为加强程序可读性，最好与括号连用，例如：
（1 and 'x') or 'y'
6、成员运算：
7.身份运算
8.运算符优先级：自上而下，优先级从高到低
四.标准数据类型特性总结
按存值个数区分
标量／原子类型
数字，字符串
容器类型
列表，元组，字典
按可变不可变区分
可变
列表，字典
不可变
数字，字符串，元组
按访问顺序区分
直接访问
数字
顺序访问（序列类型）
字符串，列表，元组
key值访问（映射类型）
字典
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